Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        Farm Crisis | Rural distress    </title>
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KEY TRENDS 

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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..."/>
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KEY TRENDS 

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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..." />
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                                                 <h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa &amp; other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of &lsquo;PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi&rsquo; exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#end-line-survey-report-2021-proorganic-ii-developing-a-culture-of-sustainable-consumption-and-lifestyle-in-the-state-of-rajasthan-india-with-a-special-focus-on-organic-consumption-and-production-released-on-5th-july-2021">End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=3#sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#price-rise-of-essential-commodities-causes-and-effects-standing-committee-on-food-consumer-affairs-and-public-distribution-2020-2021-eleventh-report">Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-people39s-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-on-farm-laws-dated-4th-december-2020">Press release by People&#39;s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmersrsquo-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-act-2020">The Farmers&rsquo; Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-act-2020">The Farmers (Empowerment &amp; Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-mahila-kisan-adhikaar-manch-makaam-dated-30th-september-2020">Press statement by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) dated 30th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-right-to-food-campaign-dated-26th-september-2020">Press statement by Right to Food Campaign dated 26th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-indian-coordination-committee-of-farmers-movements-dated-23rd-september-2020">Press release by Indian Coordination Committee of Farmers Movements dated 23rd September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers39-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-bill-2020">The Farmers&#39; Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-bill-2020">Farmers (Empowerment &amp; Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020">Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-study-of-the-agricultural-markets-of-bihar-odisha-and-punjab-released-in-2019">A Study of the Agricultural Markets of Bihar, Odisha and Punjab (released in 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#applying-nanotechnology-to-fertilizer-rationales-research-risks-and-regulatory-challenges-published-in-october-2017">Applying Nanotechnology to Fertilizer: Rationales, research, risks and regulatory challenges (published in October, 2017</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-an-assessment-from-the-centre-for-science-and-environment-released-on-21-july-2017">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=5#cag-report-on-performance-audit-of-agriculture-crop-insurance-schemes-report-no-7-of-2017">CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#key-indicators-of-land-and-livestock-holdings-in-india-nss-70th-round-published-in-december-2014">Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (published in December 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#state-of-indian-farmers-a-report-2014">State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#agriculturendashpathways-to-prosperity-in-asia-and-the-pacific">Agriculture&ndash;Pathways to Prosperity in Asia and the Pacific</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#nagaraj-k-2008-farmersrsquo-suicides-in-india-magnitudes-trends-and-spatial-patterns">Nagaraj K (2008): Farmers&rsquo; Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#some-aspects-of-farming-2003-situation-assessment-survey-of-farmers">Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five year Plan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=8#some-aspects-of-operational-land-holdings-in-india-2002-03">Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#world-development-report-agriculture-for-development-2008">World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agrarian-crisis-and-distress-in-rural-india">Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#migration-of-labour-in-india-distress-accumulation-and-policy-lessons">Migration of Labour in India: Distress, Accumulation and Policy Lessons</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agriculture-sector-study-critical-issues-and-strategic-options">Agriculture Sector Study: Critical Issues and Strategic Options</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#the-dragon-and-the-elephant-agricultural-and-rural-reforms-in-china-and-india">The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the report titled <a name="sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>,&nbsp;produced by Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), are as follows (please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank">here </a>and<a href="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank"> here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; This study, in collaboration with the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), provides an overview of the current state of sustainable agriculture practices and systems (SAPSs) in India. It aims to help policymakers, administrators, philanthropists, and others contribute to an evidence-based scale-up of SAPSs, which represent a vital alternative to conventional, input-intensive agriculture in the context of a climate-constrained future. The study identifies 16 SAPSs &ndash; including agroforestry, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, organic farming and natural farming &ndash; using agroecology as an investigative lens. Based on an in-depth review of 16 practices, it concludes that sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India. Further, it proposes several measures for promoting SAPSs, including restructured government support and rigorous evidence generation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture offers a much-needed alternative to conventional input-intensive agriculture, the long-term impacts of which include degrading topsoil, declining groundwater levels and reduced biodiversity. It is vital to ensure India&rsquo;s nutrition security in a climate-constrained world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While various definitions of sustainable agriculture exist, this study uses agroecology as a lens of investigation. This term broadly refers to less resource-intensive farming solutions, greater diversity in crops and livestock, and farmers&rsquo; ability to adapt to local circumstances.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India, with only 5 (crop rotation; agroforestry; rainwater harvesting; mulching and precision) SAPSs scaling beyond 5 percent of the net sown area.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most SAPSs are being adopted by less than five million (or four percent) of all Indian farmers. Many are practised by less than one percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Crop rotation is the most popular SAPS in India, covering around 30 million hectares (Mha) of land and approximately 15 million farmers. Agroforestry, mainly popular among large cultivators, and rainwater harvesting have relatively high coverage - 25 Mha and 20-27 Mha, respectively.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Organic farming currently covers only 2.8 Mha &mdash; or two percent of India&rsquo;s net sown area of 140 Mha. Natural farming is the fastest growing sustainable agricultural practice in India and has been adopted by around 800,000 farmers. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has achieved a coverage area of 5 Mha after decades of sustained promotion.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Agroforestry and system of rice intensification (SRI) are the most popular among researchers studying the impact of SAPSs on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Evidence for the impact of practices such as biodynamic agriculture, permaculture and floating farming are either very limited or non-existent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The existing literature critically lacks long-term assessments of SAPSs across all three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social). Other research limitations include a research gap concerning landscape, regional or agroecological-zone level assessments and a relative lack of focus on evaluation criteria such as biodiversity, health and gender.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The budget outlay for the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is only 0.8 percent of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare&rsquo;s total budget - Rs. 142,000 crore (excluding Rs. 71,309 crore spent annually on fertiliser subsidies by the Centre).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Eight of the 16 practices identified by the study receive some budgetary support under various central government schemes. Of these, organic farming has received the most policy attention as Indian states, too, have formulated exclusive organic farming policies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) involved in SAPSs were active in Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Organic farming, natural farming and vermicomposting get the most interest from CSOs.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Emerging Themes in India&rsquo;s Sustainable Agriculture</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The role of knowledge: Most SAPSs are knowledge-intensive and successful adoption require knowledge exchange and capacity building among farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The reliance on farm labour: Since SAPSs are niche, the mechanisation for various input preparations, weed removal, or even harvesting in a mixed cropping field is not mainstream yet. Hence, SAPs are labour-intensive, which may hinder their adoption by medium to large farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Motivation: The negative long-term impacts of conventional agriculture are pushing farmers to search for alternatives. Further, farmers in resource-constrained environments who do not use significant external inputs are also willing to make the incremental shift to SAPSs.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Role in food and nutrition security: SAPSs improve farmers&rsquo; food security by diversifying their food and income sources. They also enhance nutrition security for families subsisting on agriculture. However, both these aspects call for further research.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Recommendations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The scale-up could start with rainfed areas, as they are already practising low-resource agriculture, have low productivities, and primarily stand to gain from the transition.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Restructure government support to farmers by aligning incentives towards resource conservation and by rewarding outcomes such as total farm productivity or enhanced ecosystem services rather than just outputs such as yields.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Support rigorous evidence generation through long-term comparative assessments of conventional, resource-intensive agriculture on the one hand and sustainable agriculture on the other.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Take steps to broaden the perspectives of stakeholders across the agriculture ecosystem and make them more open to alternative approaches.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Extend short-term transition support to individuals liable to be adversely impacted by a large-scale transition to sustainable agriculture.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Make sustainable agriculture visible by integrating data and information collection on SAPSs in the prevailing national and state-level agriculture data systems.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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        Farm Crisis | Rural distress    </title>
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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..."/>
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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..." />
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa &amp; other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of &lsquo;PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi&rsquo; exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#end-line-survey-report-2021-proorganic-ii-developing-a-culture-of-sustainable-consumption-and-lifestyle-in-the-state-of-rajasthan-india-with-a-special-focus-on-organic-consumption-and-production-released-on-5th-july-2021">End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=3#sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#price-rise-of-essential-commodities-causes-and-effects-standing-committee-on-food-consumer-affairs-and-public-distribution-2020-2021-eleventh-report">Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-people39s-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-on-farm-laws-dated-4th-december-2020">Press release by People&#39;s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmersrsquo-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-act-2020">The Farmers&rsquo; Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-act-2020">The Farmers (Empowerment &amp; Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-mahila-kisan-adhikaar-manch-makaam-dated-30th-september-2020">Press statement by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) dated 30th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-right-to-food-campaign-dated-26th-september-2020">Press statement by Right to Food Campaign dated 26th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-indian-coordination-committee-of-farmers-movements-dated-23rd-september-2020">Press release by Indian Coordination Committee of Farmers Movements dated 23rd September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers39-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-bill-2020">The Farmers&#39; Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-bill-2020">Farmers (Empowerment &amp; Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020">Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-study-of-the-agricultural-markets-of-bihar-odisha-and-punjab-released-in-2019">A Study of the Agricultural Markets of Bihar, Odisha and Punjab (released in 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#applying-nanotechnology-to-fertilizer-rationales-research-risks-and-regulatory-challenges-published-in-october-2017">Applying Nanotechnology to Fertilizer: Rationales, research, risks and regulatory challenges (published in October, 2017</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-an-assessment-from-the-centre-for-science-and-environment-released-on-21-july-2017">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=5#cag-report-on-performance-audit-of-agriculture-crop-insurance-schemes-report-no-7-of-2017">CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#key-indicators-of-land-and-livestock-holdings-in-india-nss-70th-round-published-in-december-2014">Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (published in December 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#state-of-indian-farmers-a-report-2014">State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#agriculturendashpathways-to-prosperity-in-asia-and-the-pacific">Agriculture&ndash;Pathways to Prosperity in Asia and the Pacific</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#nagaraj-k-2008-farmersrsquo-suicides-in-india-magnitudes-trends-and-spatial-patterns">Nagaraj K (2008): Farmers&rsquo; Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#some-aspects-of-farming-2003-situation-assessment-survey-of-farmers">Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five year Plan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=8#some-aspects-of-operational-land-holdings-in-india-2002-03">Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#world-development-report-agriculture-for-development-2008">World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agrarian-crisis-and-distress-in-rural-india">Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#migration-of-labour-in-india-distress-accumulation-and-policy-lessons">Migration of Labour in India: Distress, Accumulation and Policy Lessons</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agriculture-sector-study-critical-issues-and-strategic-options">Agriculture Sector Study: Critical Issues and Strategic Options</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#the-dragon-and-the-elephant-agricultural-and-rural-reforms-in-china-and-india">The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the report titled <a name="sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>,&nbsp;produced by Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), are as follows (please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank">here </a>and<a href="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank"> here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; This study, in collaboration with the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), provides an overview of the current state of sustainable agriculture practices and systems (SAPSs) in India. It aims to help policymakers, administrators, philanthropists, and others contribute to an evidence-based scale-up of SAPSs, which represent a vital alternative to conventional, input-intensive agriculture in the context of a climate-constrained future. The study identifies 16 SAPSs &ndash; including agroforestry, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, organic farming and natural farming &ndash; using agroecology as an investigative lens. Based on an in-depth review of 16 practices, it concludes that sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India. Further, it proposes several measures for promoting SAPSs, including restructured government support and rigorous evidence generation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture offers a much-needed alternative to conventional input-intensive agriculture, the long-term impacts of which include degrading topsoil, declining groundwater levels and reduced biodiversity. It is vital to ensure India&rsquo;s nutrition security in a climate-constrained world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While various definitions of sustainable agriculture exist, this study uses agroecology as a lens of investigation. This term broadly refers to less resource-intensive farming solutions, greater diversity in crops and livestock, and farmers&rsquo; ability to adapt to local circumstances.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India, with only 5 (crop rotation; agroforestry; rainwater harvesting; mulching and precision) SAPSs scaling beyond 5 percent of the net sown area.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most SAPSs are being adopted by less than five million (or four percent) of all Indian farmers. Many are practised by less than one percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Crop rotation is the most popular SAPS in India, covering around 30 million hectares (Mha) of land and approximately 15 million farmers. Agroforestry, mainly popular among large cultivators, and rainwater harvesting have relatively high coverage - 25 Mha and 20-27 Mha, respectively.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Organic farming currently covers only 2.8 Mha &mdash; or two percent of India&rsquo;s net sown area of 140 Mha. Natural farming is the fastest growing sustainable agricultural practice in India and has been adopted by around 800,000 farmers. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has achieved a coverage area of 5 Mha after decades of sustained promotion.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Agroforestry and system of rice intensification (SRI) are the most popular among researchers studying the impact of SAPSs on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Evidence for the impact of practices such as biodynamic agriculture, permaculture and floating farming are either very limited or non-existent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The existing literature critically lacks long-term assessments of SAPSs across all three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social). Other research limitations include a research gap concerning landscape, regional or agroecological-zone level assessments and a relative lack of focus on evaluation criteria such as biodiversity, health and gender.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The budget outlay for the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is only 0.8 percent of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare&rsquo;s total budget - Rs. 142,000 crore (excluding Rs. 71,309 crore spent annually on fertiliser subsidies by the Centre).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Eight of the 16 practices identified by the study receive some budgetary support under various central government schemes. Of these, organic farming has received the most policy attention as Indian states, too, have formulated exclusive organic farming policies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) involved in SAPSs were active in Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Organic farming, natural farming and vermicomposting get the most interest from CSOs.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Emerging Themes in India&rsquo;s Sustainable Agriculture</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The role of knowledge: Most SAPSs are knowledge-intensive and successful adoption require knowledge exchange and capacity building among farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The reliance on farm labour: Since SAPSs are niche, the mechanisation for various input preparations, weed removal, or even harvesting in a mixed cropping field is not mainstream yet. Hence, SAPs are labour-intensive, which may hinder their adoption by medium to large farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Motivation: The negative long-term impacts of conventional agriculture are pushing farmers to search for alternatives. Further, farmers in resource-constrained environments who do not use significant external inputs are also willing to make the incremental shift to SAPSs.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Role in food and nutrition security: SAPSs improve farmers&rsquo; food security by diversifying their food and income sources. They also enhance nutrition security for families subsisting on agriculture. However, both these aspects call for further research.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Recommendations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The scale-up could start with rainfed areas, as they are already practising low-resource agriculture, have low productivities, and primarily stand to gain from the transition.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Restructure government support to farmers by aligning incentives towards resource conservation and by rewarding outcomes such as total farm productivity or enhanced ecosystem services rather than just outputs such as yields.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Support rigorous evidence generation through long-term comparative assessments of conventional, resource-intensive agriculture on the one hand and sustainable agriculture on the other.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Take steps to broaden the perspectives of stakeholders across the agriculture ecosystem and make them more open to alternative approaches.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Extend short-term transition support to individuals liable to be adversely impacted by a large-scale transition to sustainable agriculture.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Make sustainable agriculture visible by integrating data and information collection on SAPSs in the prevailing national and state-level agriculture data systems.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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        Farm Crisis | Rural distress    </title>
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KEY TRENDS 

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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..."/>
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&bull; The report&nbsp;entitled&nbsp;Pradhan Mantri&nbsp;Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa &amp; other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of &lsquo;PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi&rsquo; exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-people39s-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-on-farm-laws-dated-4th-december-2020">Press release by People&#39;s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmersrsquo-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-act-2020">The Farmers&rsquo; Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020</a>
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                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#state-of-indian-farmers-a-report-2014">State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014)</a>
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                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#some-aspects-of-farming-2003-situation-assessment-survey-of-farmers">Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five year Plan</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=8#some-aspects-of-operational-land-holdings-in-india-2002-03">Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#world-development-report-agriculture-for-development-2008">World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agrarian-crisis-and-distress-in-rural-india">Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India</a>
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                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the report titled <a name="sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>,&nbsp;produced by Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), are as follows (please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="https://im4change.org/docs/Executive-Summary-CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-ES-21May21.pdf" target="_blank">here </a>and<a href="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank" title="http://im4change.org/docs/CEEW-Sustainable-Agricultre-in-India-2021-May21.pdf" target="_blank"> here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; This study, in collaboration with the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), provides an overview of the current state of sustainable agriculture practices and systems (SAPSs) in India. It aims to help policymakers, administrators, philanthropists, and others contribute to an evidence-based scale-up of SAPSs, which represent a vital alternative to conventional, input-intensive agriculture in the context of a climate-constrained future. The study identifies 16 SAPSs &ndash; including agroforestry, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, organic farming and natural farming &ndash; using agroecology as an investigative lens. Based on an in-depth review of 16 practices, it concludes that sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India. Further, it proposes several measures for promoting SAPSs, including restructured government support and rigorous evidence generation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture offers a much-needed alternative to conventional input-intensive agriculture, the long-term impacts of which include degrading topsoil, declining groundwater levels and reduced biodiversity. It is vital to ensure India&rsquo;s nutrition security in a climate-constrained world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While various definitions of sustainable agriculture exist, this study uses agroecology as a lens of investigation. This term broadly refers to less resource-intensive farming solutions, greater diversity in crops and livestock, and farmers&rsquo; ability to adapt to local circumstances.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India, with only 5 (crop rotation; agroforestry; rainwater harvesting; mulching and precision) SAPSs scaling beyond 5 percent of the net sown area.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most SAPSs are being adopted by less than five million (or four percent) of all Indian farmers. Many are practised by less than one percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Crop rotation is the most popular SAPS in India, covering around 30 million hectares (Mha) of land and approximately 15 million farmers. Agroforestry, mainly popular among large cultivators, and rainwater harvesting have relatively high coverage - 25 Mha and 20-27 Mha, respectively.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Organic farming currently covers only 2.8 Mha &mdash; or two percent of India&rsquo;s net sown area of 140 Mha. Natural farming is the fastest growing sustainable agricultural practice in India and has been adopted by around 800,000 farmers. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has achieved a coverage area of 5 Mha after decades of sustained promotion.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Agroforestry and system of rice intensification (SRI) are the most popular among researchers studying the impact of SAPSs on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Evidence for the impact of practices such as biodynamic agriculture, permaculture and floating farming are either very limited or non-existent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The existing literature critically lacks long-term assessments of SAPSs across all three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social). Other research limitations include a research gap concerning landscape, regional or agroecological-zone level assessments and a relative lack of focus on evaluation criteria such as biodiversity, health and gender.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The budget outlay for the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is only 0.8 percent of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare&rsquo;s total budget - Rs. 142,000 crore (excluding Rs. 71,309 crore spent annually on fertiliser subsidies by the Centre).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Eight of the 16 practices identified by the study receive some budgetary support under various central government schemes. Of these, organic farming has received the most policy attention as Indian states, too, have formulated exclusive organic farming policies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) involved in SAPSs were active in Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Organic farming, natural farming and vermicomposting get the most interest from CSOs.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Emerging Themes in India&rsquo;s Sustainable Agriculture</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The role of knowledge: Most SAPSs are knowledge-intensive and successful adoption require knowledge exchange and capacity building among farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The reliance on farm labour: Since SAPSs are niche, the mechanisation for various input preparations, weed removal, or even harvesting in a mixed cropping field is not mainstream yet. Hence, SAPs are labour-intensive, which may hinder their adoption by medium to large farmers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Motivation: The negative long-term impacts of conventional agriculture are pushing farmers to search for alternatives. Further, farmers in resource-constrained environments who do not use significant external inputs are also willing to make the incremental shift to SAPSs.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Role in food and nutrition security: SAPSs improve farmers&rsquo; food security by diversifying their food and income sources. They also enhance nutrition security for families subsisting on agriculture. However, both these aspects call for further research.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Key Recommendations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The scale-up could start with rainfed areas, as they are already practising low-resource agriculture, have low productivities, and primarily stand to gain from the transition.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Restructure government support to farmers by aligning incentives towards resource conservation and by rewarding outcomes such as total farm productivity or enhanced ecosystem services rather than just outputs such as yields.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Support rigorous evidence generation through long-term comparative assessments of conventional, resource-intensive agriculture on the one hand and sustainable agriculture on the other.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Take steps to broaden the perspectives of stakeholders across the agriculture ecosystem and make them more open to alternative approaches.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Extend short-term transition support to individuals liable to be adversely impacted by a large-scale transition to sustainable agriculture.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Make sustainable agriculture visible by integrating data and information collection on SAPSs in the prevailing national and state-level agriculture data systems.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Home हिन्दी

Rural distress

What's Inside State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022) Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa & other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022) Status of ‘PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi’ exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022) End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021) Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021) A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021) Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report Press release by People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020 The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020 The Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 More Press statement by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) dated 30th September, 2020 Press statement by Right to Food Campaign dated 26th September, 2020 Press release by Indian Coordination Committee of Farmers Movements dated 23rd September, 2020 The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020 Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020 Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020 A Study of the Agricultural Markets of Bihar, Odisha and Punjab (released in 2019) Applying Nanotechnology to Fertilizer: Rationales, research, risks and regulatory challenges (published in October, 2017 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017) Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (published in December 2014) State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014) Agriculture–Pathways to Prosperity in Asia and the Pacific National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007) Nagaraj K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers 11th Five year Plan Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03 World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008 Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India Migration of Labour in India: Distress, Accumulation and Policy Lessons Agriculture Sector Study: Critical Issues and Strategic Options The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India Less The key findings of the report titled Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021), produced by Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), are as follows (please click here and here to access): • This study, in collaboration with the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), provides an overview of the current state of sustainable agriculture practices and systems (SAPSs) in India. It aims to help policymakers, administrators, philanthropists, and others contribute to an evidence-based scale-up of SAPSs, which represent a vital alternative to conventional, input-intensive agriculture in the context of a climate-constrained future. The study identifies 16 SAPSs – including agroforestry, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, organic farming and natural farming – using agroecology as an investigative lens. Based on an in-depth review of 16 practices, it concludes that sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India. Further, it proposes several measures for promoting SAPSs, including restructured government support and rigorous evidence generation. • Sustainable agriculture offers a much-needed alternative to conventional input-intensive agriculture, the long-term impacts of which include degrading topsoil, declining groundwater levels and reduced biodiversity. It is vital to ensure India’s nutrition security in a climate-constrained world. • While various definitions of sustainable agriculture exist, this study uses agroecology as a lens of investigation. This term broadly refers to less resource-intensive farming solutions, greater diversity in crops and livestock, and farmers’ ability to adapt to local circumstances. • Sustainable agriculture is far from mainstream in India, with only 5 (crop rotation; agroforestry; rainwater harvesting; mulching and precision) SAPSs scaling beyond 5 percent of the net sown area. • Most SAPSs are being adopted by less than five million (or four percent) of all Indian farmers. Many are practised by less than one percent. • Crop rotation is the most popular SAPS in India, covering around 30 million hectares (Mha) of land and approximately 15 million farmers. Agroforestry, mainly popular among large cultivators, and rainwater harvesting have relatively high coverage - 25 Mha and 20-27 Mha, respectively. • Organic farming currently covers only 2.8 Mha — or two percent of India’s net sown area of 140 Mha. Natural farming is the fastest growing sustainable agricultural practice in India and has been adopted by around 800,000 farmers. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has achieved a coverage area of 5 Mha after decades of sustained promotion. • Agroforestry and system of rice intensification (SRI) are the most popular among researchers studying the impact of SAPSs on economic, environmental, and social outcomes. Evidence for the impact of practices such as biodynamic agriculture, permaculture and floating farming are either very limited or non-existent. • The existing literature critically lacks long-term assessments of SAPSs across all three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social). Other research limitations include a research gap concerning landscape, regional or agroecological-zone level assessments and a relative lack of focus on evaluation criteria such as biodiversity, health and gender. • The budget outlay for the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is only 0.8 percent of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare’s total budget - Rs. 142,000 crore (excluding Rs. 71,309 crore spent annually on fertiliser subsidies by the Centre). • Eight of the 16 practices identified by the study receive some budgetary support under various central government schemes. Of these, organic farming has received the most policy attention as Indian states, too, have formulated exclusive organic farming policies. • Most Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) involved in SAPSs were active in Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Organic farming, natural farming and vermicomposting get the most interest from CSOs. Key Emerging Themes in India’s Sustainable Agriculture • The role of knowledge: Most SAPSs are knowledge-intensive and successful adoption require knowledge exchange and capacity building among farmers. • The reliance on farm labour: Since SAPSs are niche, the mechanisation for various input preparations, weed removal, or even harvesting in a mixed cropping field is not mainstream yet. Hence, SAPs are labour-intensive, which may hinder their adoption by medium to large farmers. • Motivation: The negative long-term impacts of conventional agriculture are pushing farmers to search for alternatives. Further, farmers in resource-constrained environments who do not use significant external inputs are also willing to make the incremental shift to SAPSs. • Role in food and nutrition security: SAPSs improve farmers’ food security by diversifying their food and income sources. They also enhance nutrition security for families subsisting on agriculture. However, both these aspects call for further research. Key Recommendations • The scale-up could start with rainfed areas, as they are already practising low-resource agriculture, have low productivities, and primarily stand to gain from the transition. • Restructure government support to farmers by aligning incentives towards resource conservation and by rewarding outcomes such as total farm productivity or enhanced ecosystem services rather than just outputs such as yields. • Support rigorous evidence generation through long-term comparative assessments of conventional, resource-intensive agriculture on the one hand and sustainable agriculture on the other. • Take steps to broaden the perspectives of stakeholders across the agriculture ecosystem and make them more open to alternative approaches. • Extend short-term transition support to individuals liable to be adversely impacted by a large-scale transition to sustainable agriculture. • Make sustainable agriculture visible by integrating data and information collection on SAPSs in the prevailing national and state-level agriculture data systems.   « previous123456789next »

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