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Marquee | INDIA FOCUS: Drought and drinking water shortage. More than one-third of India is affected. Click here for info and links.

INDIA FOCUS: Drought and drinking water shortage. More than one-third of India is affected. Click here for info and links.

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published Published on May 28, 2016   modified Modified on May 28, 2016

Situation alarming: More than one-third population hit by drought

 

The country is facing severe drought for the second consecutive year. Conservative estimates from official sources show that over a quarter of rural habitations are facing drinking water scarcity. Although both India Meteorological Department and Skymet have predicted a more than normal rainfall during June-September, 2016, the water storage available in 91 major reservoirs of the country has declined from 22 percent to 19 percent of their overall storage capacity between 21 April and 5 May, 2016.

The seriousness of drought situation in the country could be understood if one pays attention to the recent statement that was given by Swaraj Abhiyan -- the organization which filed a PIL in the Supreme Court of India through lawyer Prashant Bhushan in December 2015, requesting for the Court’s intervention to mitigate adverse conditions in affected districts.

On 26 April, 2016, Swaraj Abhiyan has made the public statement that if one takes into account the drought notifications issued by 11 states so far, at least 43 crore people live in areas that were declared as drought-affected. On top of that, if one goes by the government's own Agricultural Drought Assessment Report issued by Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre, then states like Bihar, Haryana and Gujarat ought to declare drought in many more districts, says Swaraj Abhiyan.

Once the latter is taken into consideration, the overall number of drought affected persons rises to 54 crore, which is more than two-fifth of the country's population. Therefore, the Abhiyan has termed the figure of 33 crore persons affected by drought, which was offered by the Central government, as erroneous.

The Government has said on 30 April, 2016 that the number of states/UTs that are implementing the National Food Security Act (NFSA) has increased from 11 to 33 during the last one year. It has also said that presently all beneficiaries in drought affected states are receiving foodgrains under the NFSA at officially prescribed rates. However, the CAG report on the status of NFSA's implementation, which was tabled in Parliament on 29 April, 2016, informs us that although many states/ UTs have started implementing the NFSA, the process of identification of the beneficiaries under the law is far from over.

The NFSA clearly stipulates that identification is necessary for receiving foodgrains under it, says the CAG report.

Experts have argued that in a drought year like this, the Centre has not allocated enough funds for MGNREGA this year so as to sustain the level of employment generated in the last financial year, which was 235.3 crore person-days, as per official data (as on 3 May, 2016). The Government had approved a labour budget of 239.1 crore person-days in 2015-16, which reduced to 217 crore person-days in 2016-17. This is expected to hamper employment creation this financial year.

As on 8 May 2016, the total payment due for MGNREGA, which the government is liable to pay, is Rs. 6,753.62 crore for the year 2015-16. Out of that sum, the MGNREGA workers who worked in 2015-16 are yet to be paid their wages (by the Government) that totalled Rs. 2981.65 crore (as on 8 May, 2016).

The Inclusive Media for Change team has provided below facts and figures related to drought situation, drinking water scarcity, rainfall predictions, status of NFSA implementation, dryland farming and status of irrigation. 

 

Drought situation in the country

 

• Replying to a starred question from Shri Naresh Agrawal in Rajya Sabha on 29 April, 2016, the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Shri Radha Mohan Singh said that 266 districts of 11 states were affected by drought during 2015-16, ranging from 5 in Gujarat to 50 in Uttar Pradesh.

• Replying to a starred question from Shri Vishnu Dayal Ram and Shri Kalikesh N Singh Deo in Lok Sabha on 26 April, 2016, the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Shri Radha Mohan Singh said that 266 districts of 10 states were affected by drought during 2015-16, ranging from 7 in Telangana to 50 in Uttar Pradesh.

• Appearing for the petitioner Swaraj Abhiyan in the Supreme Court on 26 April, 2016, lawyer Prashant Bhushan provided evidence that the figure of 33 crore persons affected by drought as offered by the Central government was erroneous. If one goes by the drought notifications issued by 11 states so far, at least 43 crore people live in areas declared as drought affected. If one goes by the government's own Agricultural Drought Assessment Report issued by Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre, then Bihar, Haryana and Gujarat should declare drought in many more districts. If the latter is taken into consideration, the number of drought affected persons goes up to 54 crores, which is over two-fifth of the country's population.

 

Source:

 

Starred question raised in Rajya Sabha on Drought Situation in the Country, 29 April, 2016, please click here to access

 

Starred question raised in Lok Sabha on Drought in states, 26 April, 2016, please click here to access 

 

SC hearing concludes: Supreme Court witness to state callousness on drought that grips two-fifth of India, Press Note from Swaraj Abhiyan, 26 April, 2016, https://www.swarajabhiyan.org/content/news/236

 

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 857 of 2015, Swaraj Abhiyan Note before the Supreme Court, please click here to access

 

Water scarcity and access to potable water

 

• There are 1.71 million rural habitations in the country. More than 25 percent of these habitations (441,390) are facing drinking water scarcity.

• The live water storage available in 91 major reservoirs of the country for the week ending on 5 May, 2016 was 30.709 BCM which is 19 percent of total live storage capacity of these reservoirs. This was 63 percent of the storage of corresponding period of last year and 77 percent of storage of average of last ten years.

• The live water storage available in 91 major reservoirs of the country for the week ending on April 21, 2016 was 34.082 BCM which is 22 percent of total live storage capacity of these reservoirs. This was 65 percent of the storage of corresponding period of last year and 76 percent of storage of average of last ten years.

• Rainfall was excess in 2, deficient/ scanty in 20 and no rain in 14 out of 36 meteorological sub-divisions spread across the country during 21-27 April, 2016.

• Rainfall was excess/ normal in 14 and deficient/ scanty in 22 out of 36 meteorological sub-divisions during 1 March-27 April, 2016.

• Only 46.6 percent of households in India have access to drinking water within their premises. A far lower, 43.5 percent of households have access to tap water.

• Although 41.2 percent Scheduled Caste households have access to tap water, only 24.4 percent Scheduled Tribe households have access to the same during 2011. Only 43.5 percent Indian households have access to tap water.

• Between 1990 and 2012, India increased access to improved drinking water source for 534 million people.

• There are 92 million people in India and 112 million people in China without access to an improved drinking water source in 2012.

Source:

 

Monitoring of drought situation in the country as per the Ministry of Agriculture, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=142598

 

Brief note on live storage of 91 reservoirs in the country (various weeks), Central Water Commission

 

Weekly Weather Report 21-27 April, 2016, prepared by India Meteorological Department

 

Economic Survey 2015-16, Ministry of Finance

 

Conditions of SC/ST Households: A Story of Unequal Improvement by RB Bhagat, Economic and Political Weekly, October 12, 2013, Vol xlviiI 62 no. 41, please click here to access

 

United Nations' report entitled: Progress on drinking water and sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme update 2014 (released in May 2014), please click here to access

 

Rainfall predictions

 

• The experimental forecast by India Meteorological Department (in April 2016) based on the Monsoon Mission coupled dynamical model suggests that the monsoon rainfall during the 2016 monsoon season (June to September) averaged over the country as a whole is likely to be 111% ± 5% of long period model average (LPMA).

• The Skymet has forecasted in April this year that monsoon rainfall will be 105 percent of long period average (+/-4 percent), which means that monsoon will yield above normal rainfall during June-September, 2016. 

 

Source:

 

Press release from India Meteorological Department on Long Range Forecast for the 2016 Southwest Monsoon Season Rainfall, dated 12 April, 2016, http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/press_release.php

 

Skymet monsoon 2016 foreshadow, updated on 11 April, 2016, http://www.skymet.net/reports.php#prettyPhoto

 

Food Security

 

• The Ministry of Agriculture has said on 30 April, 2016 that the NFSA is already being implemented in all the drought hit states. Continuous persuasion with the states resulted in the number of states/ UTs under NFSA increasing from 11 to 33 in the past year.

• The Ministry of Agriculture has also said that presently all beneficiaries in drought affected states are receiving foodgrains under NFSA at officially prescribed rates. Additional allocation of foodgrains has been made to Maharashtra and Karnataka states on their request. The majority of the drought hit states have obtained financial approvals to serve mid-day meals during summer vacations in their drought affected districts/ areas.

• On 29 April, 2016, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution has said that 33 states/ UTs are implementing the NFSA and subsidised foodgrains are being provided to 72.45 crore beneficiaries (roughly 14.8 crore households), as on April 2016. Only 11 states/ UTs started implementation of the NFSA by March 2014. The remaining states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Nagaland are also in an advanced stage of preparation. Tamil Nadu and Kerala are presently in election mode and a decision to implement NFSA will be possible only after the elections are over; the state of Nagaland is expected to start implementation of NFSA from July 2016.

• Among other things, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution has said that 100 percent digitization of NFSA ration cards is completed in 36 states/ UTs, as on April 2016. Ration card details are available on PDS portal for 36 states/ UTs but computerisation of supply chain of foodgrains is done for 12 states/ UTs, as on April, 2016.

• A rapid drought impact assessment survey (based on random sampling) done by Swaraj Abhiyan (with civil society partners) in 27 tehsils of all 7 districts from Bundelkhand region during 27 October - 9 November, 2015, among other things, shows that in the past 8 months (since Holi of 2015): a. 84 percent households reported cutting down on milk consumption for children; b. 86 percent households reported cutting down on dal (pulses) consumption; c. 60 percent households reported consuming substitute for rice and wheat, like potato; d. 67 percent households reported not sure of getting two square meals (often or sometimes); and, e. 79 percent households reported eating rice or roti with just salt & chutney.

• The CAG report on NFSA's implementation preparedness (tabled in Parliament on 29 April, 2016) has found that although the NFSA (2013) that came into effect from July 5, 2013 aimed to provide foodgrains to 81.34 crore beneficiaries at highly subsidized rates, only 11 states/ UTs reported identification of eligible households within the stipulated timeline of 365 days, whereas seven states/ UTs reported identification of eligible households under NFSA during June-October 2015, thereby taking the figure of implementing states/ UTs to 18.

• The CAG report on NFSA says that out of the above 18 states, eight states/ UTs fully completed the identification as per coverage under NFSA. However, it was noted that in case of 10 states/ UTs NFSA was implemented even though these states did not complete identification of required number of beneficiaries under NFSA. In these 10 states/ UTs, as against the total 262.13 million beneficiaries, only 207.79 million were identified. This resulted in benefit of subsidized foodgrains under NFSA not reaching 54.34 million remaining unidentified of the targeted beneficiaries.

• Upto 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of urban population as per Census 2011 at the national level were to be covered under NFSA and the states/ UTs were supposed to be allocated foodgrains as specified for the above coverage. However, only 51 percent of the eligible beneficiaries had been identified and 49 percent beneficiaries were yet to be identified in all the states/ UTs, finds the CAG report.

Source:

 

Monitoring of drought situation in the country as per the Ministry of Agriculture, 30 April, 2016, please click here to access

 

Over 72 crore beneficiaries getting subsidised foodgrains under NFSA, Press release from Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, 29 April, 2016, please click here to access

 

Bundelkhand Drought Impact Assessment Survey 2015, Swaraj Abhiyan in association with Parmarth, Orai, please click here to access

 

 

 

Dryland Farming

 

• Since the mainstay of majority of the rural population is agriculture and allied activities including livestock, according to some experts, the cure to reducing poverty lies in developing and promoting dryland farming.

• According to the report entitled Elucidation of the 4th National Report submitted to UNCCD Secretariat (2010) from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, the country has a total geographical area of 328.2 million hectare with drylands covering 228.3 million hectare (i.e. 69.6 percent) of the total land area.

• Rainfed agriculture is often associated with high risk farming due to low and erratic rainfall. Droughts occur frequently in the areas affected by desertification.

• As per the State of Indian Agriculture 2011-12, majority of the drought prone areas lie in the arid (19.6 percent), semi-arid (37 percent) and sub-humid (21 percent) areas of the country that comprise 77.6 percent of its total land area of 329 million hectare.

• As per the International Institute for Environment and Development (2013), rainfed areas cover a large area of India – 62 percent of the geographical area and 68 percent of the gross cropped area; which includes 42 percent of the area of major crops like rice, 77 percent of the area for pulses, 66 percent for oilseeds, and 85 percent of coarse cereals. They also contain a large proportion of the livestock population (78 percent of cattle, 64 percent of sheep, and 75 percent of goats).

• The IIED says that rainfed areas contain a large proportion of the population, and have a diverse agro-ecology – growing 34 varieties of predominant crops compared to three or four in irrigated tracts. It says that harnessing the full potential of these areas will contribute significantly to meeting India’s rising food and nutrition requirements.

• A report from World Resources Institute entitled Scaling Success: Lessons from Adaptation Pilots in the Rainfed Regions of India (2015) says that the major determinants of a rainfed region are the amount of rainfall (500–750 mm) and a growing season that does not exceed 200 days. Rainfed agriculture in India is typically practiced in arid and semi-arid areas, by small and often marginalized farmers. The northern arid and semi-arid regions in India cover parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and the desert of Rajasthan. The majority of the southern arid and semi-arid regions fall within the Western Ghats, covering the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

• In 2012, rainfed agriculture occupied approximately 58 percent of India’s cultivated area and contributed 40 percent to its food production (Venkateswarlu and Prasad 2012).

• Rainfed agricultural lands in India produce a vast amount of staples. For instance, in 2012 rainfed agriculture was the source of 50 percent of the country’s cereals, 77 percent of its oilseeds and 85 percent of its pulses (ICARDA 2012).

• Rainfed agriculture supports 40 percent of India’s food demand of 1.2 billion people and 60 percent of India’s livestock population (Jat et al. 2012).

• The most significant impacts of temperature increase (due to global warming) are likely to be borne by smallholder rainfed farmers (about 40 percent of the 98 million of the small and marginal land holders in India), who constitute the majority of farmers in rainfed agricultural regions and possess low financial and technical capacity to adapt to climate variability and change (Nambi 2014).

Source:

 

Elucidation of the 4th National Report submitted to UNCCD Secretariat (2010), Ministry of Environment and Forests, please click here to access

 

State of Indian Agriculture 2011-12, Ministry of Agriculture, please click here to access

 

Briefing: Climate resilient drylands development, IIED, April 2013, please click here to access

 

Scaling Success: Lessons from Adaptation Pilots in the Rainfed Regions of India (2015), World Resources Institute, please click here to access

 

Venkateswarlu, B., and J. V. N. S. Prasad. 2012. “Carrying Capacity of Indian Agriculture: Issues Related to Rainfed Agriculture.” Current Science 102,(6): 882–88

 

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (2013): “A Second Green Revolution?” Feature, March 5. Lebanon: ICARDA. Available from: http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/second-green-revolution

 

Jat, RA, P Craufurd, KL Sahrawat, and SP Wani (2012): “Climate Change and Resilient Dryland Systems: Experiences of ICRISAT in Asia and Africa.” Current Science 102(12): 1650–59. Please click here to access

 

Nambi, A (2014): “Adapting Climate Impacted Agriculture in South Asia.” Technical paper (March). Bangladesh: Climate Action Network South Asia/Asia Pacific Adaptation Network. Please click here to access

 

Irrigation

 

• At least 5 lakh farm ponds and dug wells in rain fed areas and 10 lakh compost pits for production of organic manure will be taken up by making productive use of the allocations under MGNREGA.

• Irrigation is a critical input for increasing agriculture production and productivity. Out of 141 million hectares of net cultivated area in the country, only 46 percent is covered with irrigation. Net sown area or net cultivated area means the total area sown with crops and orchards. The area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once. Net irrigated area (which is 65.3 million hectares for the country) is the area irrigated through any source once in a year for a particular crop.

• The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana has been strengthened and will be implemented in mission mode. 28.5 lakh hectares will be brought under irrigation under this Scheme.

• A dedicated Long Term Irrigation Fund will be created in NABARD with an initial corpus of about Rs. 20,000 crore for which a total provision of Rs. 12,517 crore has been made through budgetary support.

• As per the latest available data on irrigation, the all India percentage distribution of net irrigated area to total cropped area during 2012-13 was 33.9 percent. Net irrigated area is the area irrigated through any source once in a year for a particular crop. Gross cropped area (also called total cropped area or total area sown) is the total area sown once and/or more than once in a particular year, i.e. the area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year.

• There is regional disparity in irrigated farming, with net irrigated area to total cropped area at more than 50 percent in the states of Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, while it is at less than 50 per cent in the remaining states.

• The total Ultimate Irrigation Potential (UIP) of India is about 140 million hectares (Mha). The Ultimate Irrigation Potential (UIP) is defined as maximum area that can be provided with irrigation by most optimal utilisation of the available water resources duly accounting for the multiple cropping patterns; provided irrigation facility is fully developed.

• There is substantial gap between Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and the Irrigation Potential Utilized (IPU) during the Five Year Plan periods. IPC is the gross area that can be irrigated annually by the quantity of water that could be made available by all the connected and completed works up to the end of the water courses or the last point in the water delivery system. IPU is the total area actually irrigated during reference year out of the gross proposed area to be irrigated by the scheme during the year.

• There is perceptible decline in the ratio of IPU to IPC due to lack of proper operation and maintenance, incomplete distribution system, non-completion of command area development, changes in cropping pattern and diversion of irrigated land for other purposes.

• The overall irrigation efficiency of the major and medium irrigation projects in India is estimated at around 38 percent.

• Efficiency of the surface irrigation system can be improved from about 35-40 percent to around 60 percent and that of groundwater from about 65-70 percent to 75 percent. In order to promote judicious use of water ensuring `more crop per drop’ of water in agriculture for drought proofing, the Government has recently launched the PMKSY aiming at providing water to every field of agriculture.

• One of the objectives of the Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) is to enhance on-farm Water-Use-Efficiency (WUE) spatially and temporally to reduce wastage by promoting precision irrigation like sprinkler, drip etc.

• The adoption of sprinkler irrigation resulted in 35 to 40 percent savings of irrigation water in the cultivation of groundnut and cotton in Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The adoption of drip irrigation resulted in 40 to 65 percent savings in water for horticulture crops and 30 to 47 percent for vegetables.

• The consolidation of ongoing irrigation schemes – the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) and On Farm Water Management (OFWM) – into the Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) offers the possibility of convergence of investments in irrigation, from water source to distribution and end-use.

• Goswami and Nishad (2015) estimate water content embedded in crops at the time of trade. This is different from water used in production, which is much higher. Water “embedded” in crops is the water content of each crop and once the crop is exported, it cannot be recovered. In 2010, India exported about 25 cu km of water embedded in its agricultural exports. This is equivalent to the demand of nearly 13 million people.

• India was a “net importer” of water until around 1980s. With increases in food grain exports, India has now become a net exporter of water – about 1 per cent of total available water every year. The ratio of export to import of such virtual water is about 4 for India and 0.1 for China. Thus China remains a net importer of water. This is also evident in China and India’s trade patterns. China imports water-intensive soybeans, cotton, meat and cereal grains, while exporting vegetables, fruits and processed food. India, on the other hand, exports water-intensive rice, cotton, sugar and soybean.

Source:

 

Budget Speech of the Finance Minister 2016-17, please click here to access

 

Connecting the Dots: An Analysis of Union Budget 2016-17, March 2016, Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA), please click here to access

 

Economic Survey 2015-16, Ministry of Finance

http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapter-vol1.pdf
http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapter-vol2.pdf

 

Concepts and definitions, Ministry of Agriculture, please click here to access

 

Guideline for Computing the Water Use Efficiency of the Irrigation Projects (2014), Central Water Commission, please click here to access

 

Vast gaps in Irrigation potential & utilization, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

More Resources on Drought for Media Persons, Researchers and general readers

 

Supreme Court judgement on the writ petition (C) No. 857 of 2015 Part-I, 11 May, 2016, please click here to access


Supreme Court judgement on the writ petition (C) No. 857 of 2015 Part-II, 13 May, 2016, please click here to access

Supreme Court judgement on the writ petition (C) No. 857 of 2015 Part-III, 13 May, 2016, please click here to access

 

Starred question raised in Rajya Sabha on Drought Situation in the Country, 29 April, 2016, please click here to access

 

Starred question raised in Lok Sabha on Drought in states, 26 April, 2016, please click here to access

 

SC hearing concludes: Supreme Court witness to state callousness on drought that grips two-fifth of India, Press Note from Swaraj Abhiyan, 26 April, 2016

https://www.swarajabhiyan.org/content/news/236

 

Central Government’s Shocking Double Standard in Swaraj Abhiyan’s Drought case in Supreme Court, Press Note from Swaraj Abhiyan, 21 April, 2016

https://www.swarajabhiyan.org/content/news/233

 

The season of scorching ironies -Yogendra Yadav, The Hindu, 5 May, 2016, please click here to access

 

SC directs government to expedite drought relief to affected farmers -Apurva Vishwanath, Livemint.com, 17 December, 2015, please click here to access

 

MGNREGA at a glance, Ministry of Rural Development

http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/all_lvl_details_dashboar
d_new.aspx

 

MIS report on MGNREGA (also includes Financial Statement under Financial Progress), Ministry of Rural Development

http://164.100.129.6/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx?fin_year=201
3-2014&rpt=RP

 

Union Budget 2016-17, please click here to access

 

Open letter from NREGA workers put Govt. to shame, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

Once plentiful in rain, North East now faces frequent drought, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

CSE report probes why crop insurance schemes are failing, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

Incentivize pulses production to check spiralling prices, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

Deepening Agrarian Crisis Endangers Food Security, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

2015 is likely to be a drought year, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

Vast Gaps in Irrigation Potential & Utilization, Newsalert from Inclusive Media for Change, please click here to access

 

Briefing: Climate resilient drylands development, IIED, April 2013, please click here to access

 

Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs, please click link1 to access, please click link2 to access

 

Manual for Drought Management, November 2009, Ministry of Agriculture, please click here to access

 

Drought Management Strategies 2009 (draft), National Rainfed Area Authority, please click here to access

 

Disaster Management in India, Ministry of Home Affairs, please click link1 to access, please click link2 to access

 

Contingency Plan-Drought 2000, Ministry of Home Affairs, please click link1 to access, please click link2 to access

 

Image Courtesy : Himanshu Joshi

Inclusive Media for Change / Shambhu Ghatak
 

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