Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'empowerment/gender-3280.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/empowerment/gender-3280.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'empowerment/gender-3280.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/empowerment/gender-3280.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]Code Contextif (Configure::read('debug')) {trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);} else {$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) { 'status' => (int) 200, 'contentType' => 'text/html', 'headers' => [ 'Content-Type' => [ [maximum depth reached] ] ], 'file' => null, 'fileRange' => [], 'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {}, 'cacheDirectives' => [], 'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]> <html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <html lang='en'> <!--<![endif]--> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title> Empowerment | GENDER </title> <meta name="description" content="KEY TRENDS • Maternal Mortality Ratio for India was 370 in 2000, 286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a> </li> <li> <a 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Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector">click here</a> to access: </span></p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The share of agricultural workers in the female workforce is very high, 72.8 per cent in 2004-05, while for males it is much lower at 48.9 per cent.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among female agricultural workers, the share of those working as farmers has been slightly lower than for males in the earlier years (Employment-Unemployment Surveys of NSSO). However, in 2004-05 the share of farmers among men and women was almost equalized 64.4 per cent among women and 64 among men agricultural workers.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among the small farmers, 62 per cent of men and 85 per cent of women are illiterate or have education upto primary level. Only about 20 per cent of the male small farmers and 6 per cent of the female small farmers had levels of education above secondary schooling.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Percentage of female agricultural labourers in the total workforce in rural areas has declined from 36.5% in 1999-2000 to 29.2% in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The incidence of child female agricultural labourers (2.4 per cent) is higher than for child male labourers (1.5 per cent) in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Gender disparity within agriculture is also high though the ratio of female wages to male agricultural manual wages has remained unchanged at about 0.70 since 1993-94 indicating that male wages are 1.4 times the female wages.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The wage employment days available for female agricultural labourers were 196 in 1993-94, which declined to 184 in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">There was no feminisation of agriculture till 2000, however, the share of women workers in agriculture in 2004-05 showed an increase. The obverse is observed for the process of casualisation of female workforce in agriculture, i.e., proportion of agricultural labourers among female workers in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Casualisation of the workforce in agriculture occurred from 1983 to 2000 for men and women and in 2004-05 when the feminisation of the workforce seemed to have occurred, there was no further casualisation of the workforce.</span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">According to <a name="the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a> by Roopam Singh & Ranja Sengupta, December, 2009, CENTAD, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta">click here</a> to access: </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the Census 2001, total work force in India is 400 million of which 68.37 percent are male workers and 31.63 percent are female workers.</span></div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The total agriculture workforce in India is 234,270,000 as per 2001 census, of which 38.99 percent is contributed by female workforce and 60.93 percent is male workforce.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">46.23 percent of the agricultural labourers are women whereas, 32.91 percent of the total cultivators are women who perform low end jobs. In comparison, 67.09% of cultivators are male.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In India, agriculture is a highly gender sensitive sector. Almost 75.38% of all women workforce are engaged in agriculture. Within agriculture, 94% of women in crop cultivation are in cereal production and other crops n.e.c., 1.4% in vegetable production and horticulture, while 3.72% are engaged in fruits, nuts, beverages, and spice crops.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Foodgrains production draws about 33 percent of its labour from women. Growing of sugarcane and sugar beet draws 25.5 percent of its labour force from women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Animal Husbandry employs 7.03% of women workers who are engaged in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The Plantation sector is a large employer of women that employs 6.86 percent of the total women force in the agriculture allied activities and fisheries sector employs 0.49 percent of the women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Agriculture, with its low requirement of skills and work which can be more easily combined with work at home, is an easy source of work for women. Many women also work as unpaid family labour. Due to lack of education and training, women who are engaged in agriculture are less able to shift easily to other higher skilled jobs, for example, in the services sector. This makes them dependent on this sector and on its stable growth for survival.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the NSS Report 2004-05, the involvement of women in various agricultural activities in percentage terms (percentage distribution among women agricultural workers according to activity) is 1.23 percent in ploughing, 4.2 percent in sowing, 6.13 percent in transplanting, 23.82 percent in weeding and 23.64 percent in harvesting and 40.98 percent in other cultivation activities.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">While gender wage disparity in all these activities is about the same, about 70 percent, activities like ploughing, dominated by men, seem to command the highest level of wages while weeding activities earn the lowest, implying a gap of Rs. 9.46 per day for males. The gap between wages for ploughing earned by males and weeding wages earned by females is Rs. 21.47.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In rural areas, women earn about 70 percent of men's wages in terms of both regular and casual wages. Wages also seem to vary significantly by location, education status and age group.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Women seldom enjoy property ownership rights directly in their names. Even when women have mutations of land in their names, they may not have actual control over that land. Decision making in cropping patterns, sale, mortgage and the purchase of land or the instruments of production remains in the hands of the men of the household. </span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21" class="articlepagination">21</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span class="current">23</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="3193"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a> </li> <li> <a 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Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector">click here</a> to access: </span></p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The share of agricultural workers in the female workforce is very high, 72.8 per cent in 2004-05, while for males it is much lower at 48.9 per cent.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among female agricultural workers, the share of those working as farmers has been slightly lower than for males in the earlier years (Employment-Unemployment Surveys of NSSO). However, in 2004-05 the share of farmers among men and women was almost equalized 64.4 per cent among women and 64 among men agricultural workers.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among the small farmers, 62 per cent of men and 85 per cent of women are illiterate or have education upto primary level. Only about 20 per cent of the male small farmers and 6 per cent of the female small farmers had levels of education above secondary schooling.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Percentage of female agricultural labourers in the total workforce in rural areas has declined from 36.5% in 1999-2000 to 29.2% in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The incidence of child female agricultural labourers (2.4 per cent) is higher than for child male labourers (1.5 per cent) in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Gender disparity within agriculture is also high though the ratio of female wages to male agricultural manual wages has remained unchanged at about 0.70 since 1993-94 indicating that male wages are 1.4 times the female wages.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The wage employment days available for female agricultural labourers were 196 in 1993-94, which declined to 184 in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">There was no feminisation of agriculture till 2000, however, the share of women workers in agriculture in 2004-05 showed an increase. The obverse is observed for the process of casualisation of female workforce in agriculture, i.e., proportion of agricultural labourers among female workers in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Casualisation of the workforce in agriculture occurred from 1983 to 2000 for men and women and in 2004-05 when the feminisation of the workforce seemed to have occurred, there was no further casualisation of the workforce.</span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">According to <a name="the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a> by Roopam Singh & Ranja Sengupta, December, 2009, CENTAD, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta">click here</a> to access: </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the Census 2001, total work force in India is 400 million of which 68.37 percent are male workers and 31.63 percent are female workers.</span></div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The total agriculture workforce in India is 234,270,000 as per 2001 census, of which 38.99 percent is contributed by female workforce and 60.93 percent is male workforce.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">46.23 percent of the agricultural labourers are women whereas, 32.91 percent of the total cultivators are women who perform low end jobs. In comparison, 67.09% of cultivators are male.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In India, agriculture is a highly gender sensitive sector. Almost 75.38% of all women workforce are engaged in agriculture. Within agriculture, 94% of women in crop cultivation are in cereal production and other crops n.e.c., 1.4% in vegetable production and horticulture, while 3.72% are engaged in fruits, nuts, beverages, and spice crops.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Foodgrains production draws about 33 percent of its labour from women. Growing of sugarcane and sugar beet draws 25.5 percent of its labour force from women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Animal Husbandry employs 7.03% of women workers who are engaged in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The Plantation sector is a large employer of women that employs 6.86 percent of the total women force in the agriculture allied activities and fisheries sector employs 0.49 percent of the women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Agriculture, with its low requirement of skills and work which can be more easily combined with work at home, is an easy source of work for women. Many women also work as unpaid family labour. Due to lack of education and training, women who are engaged in agriculture are less able to shift easily to other higher skilled jobs, for example, in the services sector. This makes them dependent on this sector and on its stable growth for survival.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the NSS Report 2004-05, the involvement of women in various agricultural activities in percentage terms (percentage distribution among women agricultural workers according to activity) is 1.23 percent in ploughing, 4.2 percent in sowing, 6.13 percent in transplanting, 23.82 percent in weeding and 23.64 percent in harvesting and 40.98 percent in other cultivation activities.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">While gender wage disparity in all these activities is about the same, about 70 percent, activities like ploughing, dominated by men, seem to command the highest level of wages while weeding activities earn the lowest, implying a gap of Rs. 9.46 per day for males. The gap between wages for ploughing earned by males and weeding wages earned by females is Rs. 21.47.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In rural areas, women earn about 70 percent of men's wages in terms of both regular and casual wages. Wages also seem to vary significantly by location, education status and age group.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Women seldom enjoy property ownership rights directly in their names. Even when women have mutations of land in their names, they may not have actual control over that land. Decision making in cropping patterns, sale, mortgage and the purchase of land or the instruments of production remains in the hands of the men of the household. </span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21" class="articlepagination">21</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span class="current">23</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="3193"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a> </li> <li> <a 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Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report%20on%20Conditions%20of%20Work%20and%20Promotion%20of%20Livelihoods%20in%20the%20Unorganised%20Sector.pdf" title="Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector">click here</a> to access: </span></p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The share of agricultural workers in the female workforce is very high, 72.8 per cent in 2004-05, while for males it is much lower at 48.9 per cent.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among female agricultural workers, the share of those working as farmers has been slightly lower than for males in the earlier years (Employment-Unemployment Surveys of NSSO). However, in 2004-05 the share of farmers among men and women was almost equalized 64.4 per cent among women and 64 among men agricultural workers.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Among the small farmers, 62 per cent of men and 85 per cent of women are illiterate or have education upto primary level. Only about 20 per cent of the male small farmers and 6 per cent of the female small farmers had levels of education above secondary schooling.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Percentage of female agricultural labourers in the total workforce in rural areas has declined from 36.5% in 1999-2000 to 29.2% in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The incidence of child female agricultural labourers (2.4 per cent) is higher than for child male labourers (1.5 per cent) in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Gender disparity within agriculture is also high though the ratio of female wages to male agricultural manual wages has remained unchanged at about 0.70 since 1993-94 indicating that male wages are 1.4 times the female wages.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The wage employment days available for female agricultural labourers were 196 in 1993-94, which declined to 184 in 2004-05.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">There was no feminisation of agriculture till 2000, however, the share of women workers in agriculture in 2004-05 showed an increase. The obverse is observed for the process of casualisation of female workforce in agriculture, i.e., proportion of agricultural labourers among female workers in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Casualisation of the workforce in agriculture occurred from 1983 to 2000 for men and women and in 2004-05 when the feminisation of the workforce seemed to have occurred, there was no further casualisation of the workforce.</span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">According to <a name="the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a> by Roopam Singh & Ranja Sengupta, December, 2009, CENTAD, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The%20EU%20India%20FTA%20in%20Agriculture%20and%20Likely%20Impact%20on%20Indian%20Women%20by%20Roopam%20Singh%20and%20Ranja%20Sengupta.pdf" title="The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women by Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta">click here</a> to access: </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><ul><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the Census 2001, total work force in India is 400 million of which 68.37 percent are male workers and 31.63 percent are female workers.</span></div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The total agriculture workforce in India is 234,270,000 as per 2001 census, of which 38.99 percent is contributed by female workforce and 60.93 percent is male workforce.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">46.23 percent of the agricultural labourers are women whereas, 32.91 percent of the total cultivators are women who perform low end jobs. In comparison, 67.09% of cultivators are male.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In India, agriculture is a highly gender sensitive sector. Almost 75.38% of all women workforce are engaged in agriculture. Within agriculture, 94% of women in crop cultivation are in cereal production and other crops n.e.c., 1.4% in vegetable production and horticulture, while 3.72% are engaged in fruits, nuts, beverages, and spice crops.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Foodgrains production draws about 33 percent of its labour from women. Growing of sugarcane and sugar beet draws 25.5 percent of its labour force from women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Animal Husbandry employs 7.03% of women workers who are engaged in agriculture.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The Plantation sector is a large employer of women that employs 6.86 percent of the total women force in the agriculture allied activities and fisheries sector employs 0.49 percent of the women.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Agriculture, with its low requirement of skills and work which can be more easily combined with work at home, is an easy source of work for women. Many women also work as unpaid family labour. Due to lack of education and training, women who are engaged in agriculture are less able to shift easily to other higher skilled jobs, for example, in the services sector. This makes them dependent on this sector and on its stable growth for survival.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">As per the NSS Report 2004-05, the involvement of women in various agricultural activities in percentage terms (percentage distribution among women agricultural workers according to activity) is 1.23 percent in ploughing, 4.2 percent in sowing, 6.13 percent in transplanting, 23.82 percent in weeding and 23.64 percent in harvesting and 40.98 percent in other cultivation activities.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">While gender wage disparity in all these activities is about the same, about 70 percent, activities like ploughing, dominated by men, seem to command the highest level of wages while weeding activities earn the lowest, implying a gap of Rs. 9.46 per day for males. The gap between wages for ploughing earned by males and weeding wages earned by females is Rs. 21.47.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">In rural areas, women earn about 70 percent of men's wages in terms of both regular and casual wages. Wages also seem to vary significantly by location, education status and age group.</span><br /> </div></li><li><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Women seldom enjoy property ownership rights directly in their names. Even when women have mutations of land in their names, they may not have actual control over that land. Decision making in cropping patterns, sale, mortgage and the purchase of land or the instruments of production remains in the hands of the men of the household. </span></div></li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21" class="articlepagination">21</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span class="current">23</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="3193"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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