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Empowerment | Union Budget And Other Economic Policies
Union Budget And Other Economic Policies

Union Budget And Other Economic Policies

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Various partners of Jan Sarokar -- a national platform for people centric policy advocacy, parliamentary accountability, and for building synergy between social movements and progressive political parties -- have come out with post-budget analysis of the Union Budget 2022-23. Please click here and here to access the Jan Sarokar report titled Response to the Union Budget 2022-23 (released in March 2022). The Jan Sarokar report covers various sectors, including Economy, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Banking & Finance, Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribes, Digital Technology, Disabilities, Education, Environment, Food Security, Gender, Health, Labour & Employment, MGNREGA, and Pensions.

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Post-Budget Analysis of Expenditure of Major Central Ministries, prepared by PRS Legislative Research (released in February 2022)

Please click here to access the Union Budget 2022-23 Analysis (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Kindly click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Rural Development (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Jal Shakti (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Housing and Urban Affairs (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Health and Family Welfare (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Food and Public Distribution (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Environment, Forests and Climate Change (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Education (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

Please click here to access the Demand for Grants 2022-23 Analysis: Science and Technology (released in February, 2022), which has been prepared by the PRS Legislative Research.

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If one goes by the expenditure of major items, then according to the Union Budget 2022-23 (please click here to access):

• Expenditure on Pension was increased from Rs. 1,98,962 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 2,07,132 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Pension was Rs. 1,89,328 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.)

• Budgetary allocation on Pension as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 5.44 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which decreased marginally to 5.25 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Fertilizer Subsidy was cut down from Rs. 1,40,122 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 1,05,222 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Fertilizer Subsidy was Rs. 79,530 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.). The large difference between B.E. and R.E. figures for Expenditure on Fertilizer Subsidy in 2021-22 happened on account of a rise in the price of fertilizers and input costs.

• Fertilizer Subsidy as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 2.28 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which increased marginally to 2.67 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Food Subsidy fell from Rs. 2,86,469 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 2,06,831 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Food Subsidy was Rs. 2,42,836 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) 

• Food Subsidy as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 6.97 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which fell to around 5.24 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Petroleum Subsidy was slashed from Rs. 6,517 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 5,813 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Petroleum Subsidy was Rs. 14,073 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) 

• Petroleum Subsidy as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 0.40 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which fell to around 0.15 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Agriculture and Allied Activities was increased from Rs. 1,47,764 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 1,51,521 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Agriculture and Allied Activities was Rs. 1,48,301 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.)

• Budgetary allocation on Agriculture and Allied Activities as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 4.26 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which reduced to 3.84 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Rural Development was decreased marginally from Rs. 2,06,948 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 2,06,293 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Rural Development was Rs. 1,94,633 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.)

• Budgetary allocation on Rural Development as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 5.59 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which decreased marginally to 5.23 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Health was increased from Rs. 85,915 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 86,606 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Health was Rs. 74,602 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.)

• Budgetary allocation on Health as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 2.14 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which increased marginally to 2.2 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Expenditure on Education was increased from Rs. 88,002 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 1,04,278 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Budgetary allocation on Education was Rs. 93,224 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.)

• Budgetary allocation on Education as a proportion of total budgetary expenditure was 2.68 percent in 2021-22 (B.E.), which reduced marginally to 2.64 percent in 2022-23 (B.E.)
 
• Expenditure on Social Welfare was increased from Rs. 44,952 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.) to Rs. 51,780 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.). Expenditure on Social Welfare was Rs. 48,460 in 2021-22 (B.E.)
 
Please click here to access the Union Budget Speech 2022-23, which was delivered by Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman on 1st February, 2022.

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Allocations for various schemes under the Union Budget 2022-23 (please click here to access):

(A) Core of the Core Schemes

• National Social Assistance Progamme-NSAP (that includes old age pension, widow pension, pension for disabled, National Family Benefit Scheme & Annapurna) - Rs. 9,200 crore in 2021-22 (Budget Estimate) and Rs. 9,652 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 8,730 crore in 2021-22 (Revised Estimate)

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act - Rs. 73,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 73,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 98,000 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Umbrella Scheme for Development of Schedule Tribes - Rs. 4,303 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 4,111 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 3,798 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Umbrella Programme for Development of Scheduled Castes - Rs. 6,566 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 8,710 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 7,322 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Umbrella Programme for Development of Minorities - Rs. 1,564 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,810 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 1,374 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Umbrella Programme for Development of  Other Vulnerable Groups - Rs. 2,140 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,931 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 1,930 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

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(B) Core Schemes

• Green Revolution - Rs. 13,408 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.); Rs. 8,889 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Blue Revolution - Rs. 1,015 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,891 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 1,210 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojna (RSBY) - Rs. 6,401 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 7,857 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 7,500 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana - Rs. 11,588 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 12,954 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 12,706 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana - Rs. 15,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 19,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 14,000 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Rs. 27,500 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 48,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 47,390 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)/ National Rural Drinking Water Mission - Rs. 50,011 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 60,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 45,011 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-Urban) - Rs. 2,300 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 2,300 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,000 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-Rural) - Rs. 9,994 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 7,192 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 6,000 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• National Health Mission (NHM) - Rs. 37,130 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 37,800 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 34,947 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• National Education Mission - Rs. 34,300 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 39,553 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 30,796 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• National Programme of Mid Day Meal in Schools/ Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM POSHAN) - Rs. 11,500 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 10,234 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 10,234 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 (Umbrella ICDS-Anganwadi Services, Poshan Abhiyan, Scheme for Adolescent Girls) - Rs. 20,105 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 20,263 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 20,000 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Mission Shakti--Mission for Protection and Empowerment for Women [Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) is a component of Mission Shakti] - Rs. 3,109 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 3,184 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,121 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• National Livelihood Mission - Ajeevika - Rs. 14,473 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 14,236 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 12,505 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Jobs and Skill Development - Rs. 3,482 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 2,688 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,753 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Environment, Forestry and Wildlife - Rs. 766 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 930 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 670 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Urban Rejuvenation Mission: AMRUT - Atal  Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation & Smart Cities Mission - Rs. 13,750 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 14,100 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 13,900 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Modernisation of Police Forces - Rs. 2,803 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 2,754 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 3,346 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary - Rs. 784 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 858 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 778 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Border Area Development Programme - Rs. 566 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 566 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 222 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission - Rs. 600 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 550 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 375 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) - Rs. 661 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 663 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 682 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

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(C) Some Important Central Sector Schemes (please click here to access)

• Crop Insurance Scheme - Rs. 16,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 15,500 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 15,989 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) - Rs. 19,500 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Market Intervention Scheme and Price Support Scheme (MIS-PSS) - Rs. 1,501 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,500 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 3,596 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi/ Income Support Scheme (PM-KISAN) - Rs. 65,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 68,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 67,500 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG - Rs. 12,480 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 4,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 3,400 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Price Stabilisation Fund - Rs. 2,700 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,500 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,250 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana - Rs. 700 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 900 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 791 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana - Rs. 7,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 10,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 7,400 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Police Infrastructure - Rs. 3,612 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 3,919 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 3,023 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) - Rs. 2,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 2,500 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,950 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS) - Rs. 700 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 650 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 650 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) - Rs. 1,716 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) - Rs. 2,000 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.)

• Food Subsidy to Food Corporation of India under National Food Security Act - Rs. 2,02,616 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 1,45,920 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 2,10,929 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Food Subsidy for Decentralized Procurement of Foodgrains under NFSA - Rs. 40,000 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 60,561 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 75,290 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

• Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicle in India-(FAME - India) - Rs. 757 crore in 2021-22 (B.E.) and Rs. 2,908 crore in 2022-23 (B.E.); Rs. 800 crore in 2021-22 (R.E.)

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Please click here to access the report titled In Search of Inclusive Recovery: An Analysis of Union Budget 2022-23 (released on February 4, 2022), which has been prepared by Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA).

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Budget Briefs on important schemes and programmes (Pre-Budget Analysis), prepared by Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research:

KIndly click here to access the Budget Brief titled Food Subsidy and the National Food Security Act (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Jenny Susan John and Avani Kapur (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Food Subsidy is provided by the Government of India (GoI) for the supply and distribution of foodgrains and other essential commodities.

With the passing of the National Food Security Act (NFSA) in 2013, nutritional security became a right. Under the Act, adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices are to be provided to two-thirds of India’s population.

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse:

• Allocations and releases under Food Subsidy;
• Trends in storage/stocking and procurement of foodgrains;
• Trends in foodgrain allocation, offtake, and distribution under NFSA and Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY); and
• Coverage under NFSA.

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Please click here to access the Budget Brief titled Jal Jeevan Mission (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Neeha Susan Jacob, Sidharth Santhosh, and Avani Kapur (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is Government of India’s (GoI’s) rural drinking water programme to provide functional tap connections to every household for drinking, cooking, and other domestic needs on a sustainable basis by 2024. It subsumes the previous National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP).

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to report on:

• GoI allocations, releases, and expenditures; and
• Progress on coverage and components of JJM.

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Please click here to access the Budget Brief titled Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Sharad Pandey and Avani Kapur (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

The National Programme of PM POSHAN previously known as the National Scheme for Mid-Day Meals in schools (MDM) is a scheme to provide one hot cooked meal in government and government-aided schools. It aims at improving the nutritional status of students.

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse:

• Past trends in allocations, releases, and expenditures;
• Timing of GoI releases, for recurring components;
• Coverage and provision of meals to students; and
• Nutrition intervention and social audits.

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Please click here to access the Budget Brief titled Samagra Shiksha (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Mridusmita Bordoloi, Avani Kapur, and Sidharth Santhosh (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Samagra Shiksha is Government of India’s (GoI’s) school education programme extending from the pre-primary to higher-secondary level. The scheme was launched in April 2018 to ensure equitable and inclusive quality education.

It has been recently revised to implement certain provisions under the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse Samagra Shiksha’s performance based on:

• Trends in allocations, releases, and expenditures;
• Component-wise budgets, with a focus on pre-primary education and foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN); and
• Preparedness of states to cater to challenges related to reopening of physical schools.

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Kindly click here to access the Budget Brief titled Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0 (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Avani Kapur and Ritwik Shukla (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

In Financial Year (FY) 2021-22, the Government of India (GoI) restructured the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), POSHAN (Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment) Abhiyaan, the Scheme for Adolescent Girls, and the National Creche Scheme into Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0 to converge and strengthen nutrition-related
initiatives across ministries and strengthen outcomes.

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse:

• Required funds, allocations, and releases;
• Changes in coverage and service delivery; and
• Malnutrition status.

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Please click here to access the Budget Brief titled National Health Mission (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Avani Kapur, Ritwik Shukla, and Sharad Pandey (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

National Health Mission (NHM) is Government of India’s (GoI’s) largest public health programme. It consists of two sub-missions:

• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), and
• National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse:

• The special COVID-19 health package under the NHM;
• NHM approved budgets and expenditure;
• Availability of staff and beds;
• Decline in service delivery during the pandemic; and
• Health Outcomes.

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Kindly click here to access the Budget Brief titled Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Avani Kapur (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) is Government of India’s (GoI) flagship ‘Housing for All’ scheme. The scheme was launched in November 2016 and aims to provide monetary assistance for the construction of a pucca house with basic amenities to all rural houseless houseless families and those living in dilapidated and kutcha houses.

Using government data, this brief reports on trends in PMAY-G along the following parameters:

• Allocations and cost estimates;
• Releases and expenditures;
• Target completion and physical progress of house construction;
• Payments to beneficiaries; and
• Convergence with Ujjwala.

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Kindly click here to access the Budget Brief titled Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Avani Kapur, Ria Kasliwal, and Jenny Susan John (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is Government of India’s (GoI’s) flagship scheme to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a Financial Year (FY) to every rural household that demands work.

Using government reported data, this brief reports on:

• Trends in allocations, releases, and expenditures;
• Trends in employment provided and wages paid; and
• Physical assets created and status of work completion.

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Kindly click here to access the Budget Brief titled Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (Pre-Budget Analysis), which has been prepared by Avani Kapur and Mridusmita Bordoloi (2022) of Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research. 

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is Government of India’s (GoI’s) income support scheme, under which all landholding farmers receive up to 6,000 per year to supplement their financial needs.

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this brief uses government data to analyse:

• GoI allocations and releases;
• Coverage including registrations, payments made, and failed payments;
• Ineligible beneficiaries and funds transferred to them; and
• Comparison between monthly consumption expenditure of a farmer household and PM-KISAN benefits.

 

Rural Expert


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