Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line: 30
You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\FrontendCatController::index() - APP/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line 30
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (2): Invalid argument supplied for foreach() [APP/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line 386]
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$metaTitle = 'चर्चा में.... | किसान का 'जेंडर' ?'
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$article = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {
'id' => (int) 65237,
'title' => 'किसान का 'जेंडर' ?',
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'description' => '<p>किसानों के ऊपर जब भी बात की जाती है तब उस बातचीत का दायरा इतना संकीर्ण क्यों हो जाता है ? सिर्फ ‘पुरुष’ किसान को ही किसानों का एकमात्र प्रतिनिधि मान लिया जाता है। ऐसा क्यों ? तमाम अखबारों से लेकर टीवी चैनलों के चित्रपटों पर ‘पुरुष’ किसान ही पूरे कृषक समुदाय का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रहा होता है। क्या इस देश की खेती–बाड़ी में महिलाओं का कोई योगदान नहीं है ? आज, कितनी महिलाएँ खेती–बाड़ी का काम कर रही हैं ? जिन महिलाओं ने हिंदुस्तान के कृषि क्षेत्र को मजबूत दी, उनके योगदान को क्यों नज़र-अंदाज़ किया गया ?</p>
<p>गौर करने वाली बात यह है कि हाशिये पर केवल महिला किसानों को ही नहीं धकेला है; उनके साथ–साथ बटाईदार किसानों (Sharecroppers) की भी उपेक्षा की है। आज, हिंदुस्तान में बटाईदार किसानों की संख्या कितनी है ? ऐसे कई सवालों का जवाब इस लेख में खोजने की कोशिश की है।</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><strong>किसान का जेंडर</strong></h2>
<p> </p>
<p>क्या किसान का भी कोई जेंडर (लिंग) होता है ? सवाल सुनने में भले ही अटपटा लग रहा हो लेकिन, सच्चाई यही है। हमारे मन–मस्तिष्क में यह बिठा दिया गया है कि किसान माने पुरुष। सरकारी योजनाओं के विज्ञापनों में किसान का अर्थ है— हँसता–मुस्कुराता पुरुष। समाचार पत्रों में, किसान से जुड़ी खबरों में पुरुष किसानों का ही वर्चस्व रहता है। इसीलिए किसान के जेंडर की ओर ध्यान खींचा।</p>
<p>तो पहला सवाल यह है कि इस देश में महिला किसानों की संख्या कितनी है ?</p>
<p>2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार, कुल महिला श्रमिकों में से <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">65.1</a> प्रतिशत महिलाएँ खेती–बाड़ी का काम करती हैं। वहीं कुल पुरुष श्रमिकों में <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B10-0000.xlsx">49.8%</a> पुरुष किसानी करते हैं।</p>
<p>भारत में खेती–बाड़ी करने वालों की कुल संख्या करीब <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">26.2</a> <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B10-0000.xlsx">करोड़</a> है। जिसमें 11.8 <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B10-0000.xlsx">करोड़</a> खेतिहर <a href="/upload/files/Census%20of%20India%202011-Characteristics%20of%20Workers%20%20Non-Workers.ppt">(Cultivators)</a> हैं और <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">14.4</a> करोड़ खेतिहर मजदूर।</p>
<p>कृषि क्षेत्र में काम कर रहे कुल खेतिहर मजदूरों में महिलाओं की हिस्सेदारी <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">42.6</a> <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B10-0000.xlsx">प्रतिशत</a> की है। यानी कुल 6.1 <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B10-0000.xlsx">करोड़</a> महिलाएँ खेतिहर मजदूर के रूप में काम करती हैं।</p>
<p>कुल खेतिहर किसानों में महिलाओं का अनुपात <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">30.3</a> प्रतिशत है।</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>खेतिहर कौन है ? <a href="/upload/files/Census%20of%20India%202011-Characteristics%20of%20Workers%20%20Non-Workers.ppt">परिभाषा</a> के मुताबिक वह व्यक्ति जो सरकारी मालिकाने अथवा निजी मालिकाने या किसी संस्था के मालिकाने की जमीन पर कृषि कर्म करता है और इसके एवज में भुगतान हासिल करता है जो नकदी या अन्य रूप में अथवा ऊपज के हिस्से के रूप में हो सकता है। </strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/upload/files/Census%20of%20India%202011-Characteristics%20of%20Workers%20%20Non-Workers.ppt">खेतिहर मजदूर </a>कौन है ? ऐसा मजदूर जो किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति (खेतिहर किसान ) की जमीन पर नकद या एक खास हिस्से के बदले में फ़सल उगाता है। खेतिहर मजदूर को खेती में कोई जोखिम नहीं होता है। वो केवल मजदूरी की एवज में काम करता है। खेतिहर मजदूर के पास को उक्त भूमि पर न तो पट्टे का और न अनुबंध का अधिकार होता है।</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/">2011</a> की जनगणना के आँकड़ों की तुलना 2001 की जनगणना के आँकड़ों के करने पर यह ज्ञात हुआ कि खेतिहरों (Cultivators) की संख्या में गिरावट आ रही है, तो वहीं खेतिहर मजदूरों की संख्या में बढ़ोतरी देखी गई।</p>
<p>खेतिहर मजदूरों की संख्या में 35 प्रतिशत का इजाफा हुआ है (2001 की जनगणना के समय इनकी संख्या <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">10.6 </a>करोड़ थी जो कि बढ़कर 2011 की जनगणना के समय <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">14.3 </a>करोड़ हो जाती है।)</p>
<p><a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/">वर्ष 1951</a> की जनगणना के समय कुल श्रमबल में खेतिहर मजदूरों का अनुपात 19 प्रतिशत था जो कि 2011 की जनगणना तक आते–आते बढ़कर 30 प्रतिशत हो जाता है।</p>
<p>खेतिहरों (Cultivators) की संख्या में गिरावट दर्ज की गई है। 2001 की जनगणना में खेतिहरों की संख्या <a href="/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">12.7</a> करोड़ थी जो कि घटकर वर्ष 2011 में 11.8 करोड़ हो जाती है।</p>
<p>सन् <a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/">1951</a> की जनगणना के अनुसार, कुल खेतिहरों की संख्या कुल श्रम बल का<a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/"> 50</a> प्रतिशत थी जो कि वर्ष 2011 में घटकर 24 प्रतिशत हो जाती है। लैंगिक नजरिये से देखें तो महिला खेतिहरों की संख्या में तेजी से गिरावट आई है। </p>
<p><a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/">2011</a> की जनगणना के अनुसार कुल खेतिहरों की संख्या 11.8 करोड़ है और खेतिहर मजदूरों की संख्या <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">14.4 </a>करोड़ यानी कुल किसानों की संख्या<a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx"> 26.2 </a>करोड़। अगर इसमें वृक्षारोपण, पशुधन, वानिकी, मछली पालन जैसी गतिविधियों में संलग्न लोगों को शामिल कर दे तो यह संख्या <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx">26.8 </a>करोड़ हो जाती है।</p>
<p>2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार भारत की कुल जनसंख्या लगभग <a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/">121</a> करोड़ थी। अगर खेती–बाड़ी करने वालों का अनुपात निकाला जाए तो<a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/DDW-B04-0000.xlsx"> 22.1</a> प्रतिशत का आँकड़ा आता है। फिर सवाल यह उठता है कि भारत को कृषि प्रधान राष्ट्र कैसे कहें ?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>किसान की परिभाषा क्या है ?</strong> यही सवाल जब केंद्र सरकार से किया गया था तब कोई स्पष्ट <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/who-is-a-farmer-government-has-no-clear-definition/article61612154.ece">जवाब</a> नहीं मिला था। आज भी किसान की परिभाषा एक अनसुलझी गुत्थी बनी हुई है। इसीलिए किसानों की संख्या भी एकरूपता देखने को नहीं मिलती है।</p>
<p> </p>
<p>आवधिक श्रमबल सर्वेक्षण (पीएलएफएस) की वार्षिक रिपोर्ट (जुलाई <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/AnnualReportPLFS2021-22F1.pdf">2021–जून </a>2022) कहती है कि ग्रामीण इलाकों में करीब 59 प्रतिशत श्रमिक कृषि क्षेत्र में काम करते हैं। महिलाओं के संदर्भ में यह आँकड़ा बढ़ जाता है;<a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/AnnualReportPLFS2021-22F1.pdf"> 75.9</a> प्रतिशत महिलाएँ कृषि क्षेत्र में काम करती हैं।</p>
<p>वहीं 2017–18 की रिपोर्ट कहती है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की<a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf"> 73.2 </a>प्रतिशत महिलाएँ खेती–बाड़ी का काम कर रही थीं।</p>
<p>ऑक्सफेम इंडिया की एक रिपोर्ट कहती है कि भारत में, <a href="https://www.oxfamindia.org/women-empowerment-india-farmers">85%</a> ग्रामीण महिलाएँ कृषि में लगी हुई हैं।</p>
<p><strong>कितनी महिलाओं के पास कृषि भूमि का मालिकाना अधिकार है ?</strong></p>
<p>हिंदुस्तान में महिलाओं की अच्छी–खासी संख्या किसानी के पेशे में लगी हुई है। लेकिन, कितनी मालिकाना हक सबके पास नहीं है। 2015–16 की कृषि जनगणना के अनुसार <a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcen1516/T1_ac_2015_16.pdf">13.96 </a>प्रतिशत जमीन पर महिलाओं का मालिकाना हक है। वर्ष 2010–11 में यह आँकड़ा<a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcen1516/T1_ac_2015_16.pdf"> 12.79</a> प्रतिशत का था। नीचे दिया गया ग्राफ देखें।</p>
<p><iframe align="left" class="embed-responsive-item" frameborder="0" scrolling="yes" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQgEd-IFjjsRjv0G7YkOwWUF3DDCI2M605poJhDo-0RBXRYNVC_KQ1O-ILuUQb36N6dMhKgkkDCodsM/pubchart?oid=950354972&format=interactive" width="100%"></iframe></p>
<p><em>उपरोक्त ग्राफ में महिलाओं के मालिकाना हक में आ रही बढ़ोतरी को दर्शाया है।</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>हालाँकि, राज्यवार अधिक विविधता मौजूद है, जिसे संबोधित करने की आवश्यकता है। कृपया नीचे दिए गए ग्राफ को देखें।</p>
<p>पंजाब में <a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcen1516/T1_ac_2015_16.pdf">98.4</a> प्रतिशत और पश्चिम बंगाल में<a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcen1516/T1_ac_2015_16.pdf"> 96.8</a> प्रतिशत भूमि जोत पुरुषों के नाम दर्ज है। वहीं महिलाओं के पास सबसे अधिक मालिकाना हक आंध्र प्रदेश राज्य<a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcen1516/T1_ac_2015_16.pdf"> (69.9%)</a> है।</p>
<p> </p>
<p><iframe class="embed-responsive-item" frameborder="0" height="600" scrolling="yes" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vRq6206HU1dIKcX2vryXn834S6is6PB62-QeOgeCZAKHlFzXcMUAvGXVgcVvbKSSnyj_JSg3bBbr6Rq/pubchart?oid=1960714725&format=interactive" width="100%"></iframe></p>
<div> </div>
<p><strong>मालिकाना हक नहीं होने का खामियाजा</strong></p>
<p>सारी सरकारी योजनाओं (जैसे पीएम किसान योजना) का लाभ भूमि धारक शख्स को मिलता है। चूँकि 87 प्रतिशत के करीब मालिकाना हक पुरुषों के पास है। ऐसे में सरकारी योजनाओं का लाभ पुरुष को मिल जाता है।</p>
<p>प्राकृतिक और मानवीय आपदाओं के कारण मिलने वाला बीमा भी भूधारक को ही मिलता है। </p>
<p> </p>
<p>सन्दर्भ---</p>
<p>Cesus of India- Please<a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/"> click here.</a><br />
73.2% Of Rural Women Workers Are Farmers, But Own 12.8% Land Holdings By Shreya Raman Please <a href="https://www.indiaspend.com/73-2-of-rural-women-workers-are-farmers-but-own-12-8-land-holdings/">click here.</a><br />
How Many Farmers Does India Really Have ? By Prachi Salve Please <a href="https://www.indiaspend.com/how-many-farmers-does-india-really-have-46359/#:~:text=P.,everyone%20works%20on%20the%20farm.">click here.</a><br />
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) July 2021- June 2022 ,Please <a href="/upload/files/AnnualReportPLFS2021-22F1.pdf">click here.</a><br />
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) July 2017- June 2018, Please <a href="/upload/files/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf">click here.</a><br />
Lakshadweep, Meghalaya Have Most Women Land Holders; Punjab, West Bengal Fewest By Bhasker Tripathi Please click here. Please <a href="https://www.indiaspend.com/lakshadweep-meghalaya-have-most-women-land-holders-punjab-west-bengal-fewest-54024/">click here.</a><br />
Move over 'Sons of the soil': Why you need to know the female farmers that are revolutionizing agriculture in India, Report by Oxfam, Please<a href="https://www.oxfamindia.org/women-empowerment-india-farmers"> click here.</a><br />
India’s natural farming policy should recognise women’s new role, By Madhu Verma, Parul Sharma, and Sahith Goverdhanam Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-natural-farming-policy-should-recognise-women-s-new-role-101659335051095.html">click here.</a><br />
Agriculture Census by Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Please <a href="https://agcensus.nic.in/index.html">click here.</a><br />
Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019 Please <a href="https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_587m_0.pdf">click here.</a><br />
How much land do women own in India? Nobody really knows by Pranab R Choudhury Please <a href="https://scroll.in/article/989157/how-much-land-do-women-own-in-india-its-still-not-known#:~:text=In%202015%2D16%2C%20women's%20ownership,%2C%20NFHS%2D4%20data%20show.">click here.</a><br />
</p>
<p> </p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/news-alerts-57/Farmers-gender-and-sharecroppers-caste-matters-What-is-the-number-of-women-farmers-in-India.html" target="_blank" title="किसान का 'जेंडर' ?" style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">
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<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/news-alerts-57/Farmers-gender-and-sharecroppers-caste-matters-What-is-the-number-of-women-farmers-in-India.html" target="_blank">किसान का 'जेंडर' ?</a>
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<br><small>September 27, 2023</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">किसानों के ऊपर जब भी बात की जाती है तब उस बातचीत का दायरा इतना संकीर्ण क्यों हो जाता है ? सिर्फ ‘पुरुष’ किसान को ही किसानों का एकमात्र प्रतिनिधि मान लिया जाता है। ऐसा क्यों ? तमाम अखबारों से लेकर टीवी चैनलों के चित्रपटों...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/news-alerts-57/playing-with-the-safety-of-laborers-in-the-automobile-sector.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >कटी हुई अँगुलियाँ और चमचमाती कारें</strong></a>
<br><small>August 25, 2023</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">क्या आप जानते हैं कि आपकी कार बनाते समय कितने लोगों की अँगुलियाँ कट गई थी ? आपने जिस भी कंपनी से कार खरीदी है, क्या वहाँ सुरक्षा मानकों की पालना की जा रही थी ? मजदूरों की सुरक्षा के लिए कौनसे कदम उठाएँ गए हैं...</p>
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<br><small>August 7, 2023</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">2 अगस्त को लोकसभा के बाद राज्यसभा से भी वन (संरक्षण) संशोधन बिल, 2023 पारित हो गया। यह बिल वन (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1980 में संशोधन करेगा। इस बिल को 2023 के बजट सत्र के दौरान लोकसभा में पेश किया था। तब इस बिल को लोकसभा अध्यक्ष...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/news-alerts-57/why-are-tribal-people-opposing-the-Uniform-Civil-Code-Know-in-detail.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >आदिवासी क्यों कर रहे हैं समान नागरिक संहिता का विरोध ? </strong></a>
<br><small>July 14, 2023</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">"यूनिफॉर्म सिविल कोड के नाम पर लोगों को भड़काने का काम हो रहा है। आप मुझे बताइये, एक घर में, परिवार के एक सदस्य के लिए एक कानून हो और दूसरे सदस्य के लिए दूसरा कानून हो, तो क्या वो घर चल पाएगा? कभी भी...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/news-alerts-57/know-in-detail-about-all-aspects-related-to-inflation-including-WPI-and-CPI.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >WPI और CPI सहित महँगाई से जुड़े तमाम पहलुओं के बारे में जानिए विस्तार से</strong></a>
<br><small>June 22, 2023</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">संबंधित प्राधिकरण जब भी महँगाई से जुड़े आँकड़े जारी करता है, समाचार माध्यमों की सुर्खियाँ इन्हीं आँकड़ों से लद जाती है। हाल ही में आर्थिक सलाहकार के ऑफिस ने थोक मूल्य सूचकांक के आँकड़े जारी किए थे; जिसमें मई (2023) महीने में महँगाई को नकारात्मक...</p>
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