Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line: 30
You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\FrontendCatController::index() - APP/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line 30
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (2): Invalid argument supplied for foreach() [APP/Controller/FrontendCatController.php, line 386]
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$metaKeywords = ''
$metaTitle = 'चर्चा में.... | नवीनतम उपलब्ध एनएसओ डेटा: फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच महंगा हुआ खेती करना'
$metaDesc = ''
$article = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {
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'title' => 'नवीनतम उपलब्ध एनएसओ डेटा: फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच महंगा हुआ खेती करना',
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एक अर्थशास्त्री से यह सुनना लगभग तय है कि अगर सरकार के हस्तक्षेप के लिए कुछ मुफ्त या रियायती दर पर उपलब्ध है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तो लोग ऐसे सामानों / वस्तुओं का अति प्रयोग या अधिक उपभोग करते हैं</span></span>.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> तो</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सबसे अच्छा समाधान इस तरह के </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">लगभग मुफ्त में उपलब्ध</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">या </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अत्यधिक सब्सिडी वाले</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सामान या वस्तुओं के लिए एक बाजार बनाना है</span></span>.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> एक बार जब लोग ऐसे सामान/वस्तुओं के उपयोग या उपभोग के लिए भुगतान करना शुरू कर देंगे</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तो वे उन्हें बर्बाद करना बंद कर देंगे</span></span>.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> यही कारण है कि हम अक्सर विशेषज्ञों को यह कहते हुए देखते हैं कि यदि बिजली मुफ्त या रियायती दर पर उपलब्ध है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तो किसानों द्वारा सिंचाई के लिए भूजल का अत्यधिक दोहन किया जाएगा (जैसा कि हरित क्रांति वाले राज्यों में देखा गया है). वे पानी की अधिकता वाली फसलों (जैसे धान</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">गेहूं और गन्ना) की सिंचाई के लिए बिजली के पानी के पंपों का उपयोग करके अत्यधिक भूजल को बाहर निकालेंगे</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भले ही इसकी आवश्यकता न हो. इसलिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूजल जैसे कीमती संसाधनों को अतिदोहन से बचाने के लिए बिजली के मीटरों को स्थापित करना एक उपाय है ताकि किसान बिजली की पूरी या कम से कम आंशिक लागत का भुगतान करना शुरू कर दें. विशेषज्ञों का तर्क है कि इस तरह के बाजार-आधारित समाधान को अन्य आदानों के लिए भी लागू किया जा सकता है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जो कृषि के लिए आवश्यक हैं</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जैसे कि रासायनिक कीटनाशक</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रासायनिक उर्वरक</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">डीजल</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आदि.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल उत्पादकों द्वारा अक्सर दिया जाने वाला प्रतिवाद यह है कि पिछले </span></span>10-15<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> साल में सब्सिडी में कमी या इनपुट की कीमतों पर नियंत्रण (विश्व व्यापार संगठन-<a href="https://www.im4change.org/news-alerts-57/tax-exemptions-and-incentives-for-the-corporate-sector-continue-despite-reduction-in-corporate-tax-rates.html">डब्ल्यूटीओ</a> के तहत <a href="https://www.im4change.org/news-alerts-57/tax-exemptions-and-incentives-for-the-corporate-sector-continue-despite-reduction-in-corporate-tax-rates.html">कृषि-एओए</a> के लिए भारत की प्रतिबद्धता के लिए धन्यवाद) ने कृषि की लागत को काफी बढ़ा दिया है. हालांकि</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">किसानों को अपनी उपज बेचने से प्राप्त कीमतों में इनपुट कीमतों में वृद्धि (या खेती से जुड़े जेब खर्च) की तुलना में आनुपातिक रूप से वृद्धि नहीं हुई है. नतीजतन</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">हम पाते हैं कि </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">खेती/फसल उत्पादन से शुद्ध प्राप्ति - जब केवल भुगतान किए गए व्यय पर विचार किया जाता है</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पिछले कुछ वर्षों में कम हो गया है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जब इसे खुदरा मुद्रास्फीति के खिलाफ समायोजित किया जाता है. विभिन्न कृषि आंदोलनों में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">किसान अपने द्वारा उगाई जाने वाली और कटाई के बाद बेचने वाली उपज के लिए सुनिश्चित और लाभकारी मूल्य की मांग कर रहे हैं.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जबकि हमारे पिछले <a href="https://im4change.org/news-alerts-57/are-we-witnessing-depeasantisation-in-indian-agriculture.html">न्यूज अलर्ट</a> में फसल वर्ष </span></span>2012-13 <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">और </span></span>2018-19 <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">के बीच एक किसान परिवार की औसत मासिक आय के रुझानों को देखने का प्रयास किया गया था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">वर्तमान विश्लेषण में हम एक ही समय अवधि के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए (जो एक खेत परिवार से अलग है) भुगतान किए गए खर्चों के रुझानों की जांच करेंगे. स्पष्टता के उद्देश्य से</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पाठकों को ध्यान देना चाहिए कि फसल वर्ष </span></span>2018-19 <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">की पहली छमाही के दौरान सभी प्रकार की फसलों के उत्पादन की सूचना देने वाले कृषि परिवारों का प्रतिशत </span></span>92.7 <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">प्रतिशत और उस फसल वर्ष की दूसरी छमाही के दौरान </span></span>72.5 <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">प्रतिशत था.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">डेटा और कार्यप्रणाली के बारे में एक-दो बातें</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">सिचुएशन असेसमेंट</a> <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">सर्वे 2018-19</a> (एनएसएस 77वां राउंड) में कहा गया है कि किसान परिवारों द्वारा की गई विभिन्न आर्थिक गतिविधियों पर जानकारी एकत्र करने के हिस्से के रूप में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">दो हिस्सों के दौरान कृषि परिवारों द्वारा काटी गई फसलों के संबंध में प्राप्तियों और खर्च सहित विस्तृत जानकारी सर्वेक्षण के दो दौरों के दौरान फसल वर्ष का अलग-अलग संग्रह किया गया. फसल वर्ष के दो हिस्सों के लिए अलग-अलग सर्वेक्षण में खेती के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले प्रत्येक कृषि आदानों पर मद-वार खर्च एकत्र किया गया था. भले ही संदर्भ अवधि के दौरान काटी गई फसलों के लिए संदर्भ अवधि से पहले कुछ खर्च किए गए हों</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उसे डेटा इकट्ठा करते वक्त तरजीह दी गई थी. <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">एनएसएस 77वें</a> दौर के सर्वेक्षण में अवैतनिक पारिवारिक श्रम</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">खेत में बचाए गए बीज और खाद</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आदि पर फसल उत्पादन के लिए लागू खर्च</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जहां भी लागू हो</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भुगतान किए गए खर्चों के साथ एकत्र किए गए थे. चूंकि एनएसएस 70वें दौर के स्थिति आकलन सर्वेक्षण में केवल कृषि व्यवसाय के लिए भुगतान किए गए खर्चों पर विचार किया गया था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसलिए <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">एनएसएस 77वें</a> दौर से उत्पन्न कृषि व्यवसाय के लिए खर्च के अनुमानों की एनएसएस 70वें दौर के समान अनुमानों के साथ तुलना करते समय उचित सावधानी बरती जानी चाहिए. इसीलिए वर्तमान समाचार अलर्ट में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">हमने केवल भुगतान किए गए खर्चों पर विचार किया है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">न कि आरोपित या निहित खर्चों पर. इस समाचार अलर्ट में पशुपालन पर खर्च और प्राप्तियों के अलावा कृषि परिवारों द्वारा उत्पादक संपत्तियों की बिक्री से प्राप्त होने वाले औसत आय और खर्च को शामिल नहीं किया गया है. इस न्यूज अलर्ट में हमारा उद्देश्य यह देखना है कि फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच फसल से अर्जित आय की तुलना में इनपुट पर किए गए खर्च की क्या स्थिति है.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">एसएएस 2018-19</a> (एनएसएस 77वां दौर) आगे हमें सूचित करता है कि पिछले सर्वेक्षणों के मामले में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">वर्तमान रिपोर्ट में प्रस्तुत फसल उत्पादन से संबंधित अनुमानों में वृक्षारोपण/बागवानी फसलों से कृषि उत्पादन से संबंधित अनुमान भी शामिल हैं.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल उत्पादन से प्राप्तियों में (</span></span>i) <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसलों की कटाई की मात्रा</span></span>, (ii) <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पूर्व-कटाई बिक्री</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">और (</span></span>iii) <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उप-उत्पादों का मूल्य शामिल था. कटाई की गई मात्रा का मूल्य या तो बिक्री मूल्य (यदि संदर्भ अवधि के दौरान कम से कम कुछ मात्रा में उत्पाद बेचा गया था) या विशिष्ट फसल और उसके प्रकार के लिए स्थानीय बाजार मूल्य का उपयोग करके पता लगाया गया था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एसएएस 2018-19 (एनएसएस 77वां राउंड) रिपोर्ट.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आउट-ऑफ-पॉकेट खर्च बनाम फसल उत्पादन से प्राप्तियां</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">डेटा विश्लेषण से पता चलता है कि राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल उत्पादन की सूचना देने वाले प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (मामूली शर्तों में) फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच लगभग 35 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि हुई है. इसके विपरीत</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत में प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन की औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों (नाममात्र के रूप में) में लगभग 25.59 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि हुई. कृपया चार्ट-1ए की तुलना चार्ट-1बी से करें. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">औसत शुद्ध प्राप्तियां (अर्थात</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों और प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च के बीच का अंतर) फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच 3,350 रुपये से बढ़कर 4,001 रुपये हो गया यानि +19.4 प्रतिशत की बढ़ोतरी. फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच +19.4 प्रतिशत की यह बढ़ोतरी औसत </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक - संयुक्त</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">34.0 प्रतिशत) में मुद्रास्फीति की दर के साथ-साथ औसत </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक - ग्रामीण</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">35.3 प्रतिशत) में मुद्रास्फीति की दर से कम है.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">चार्ट -1ए से पता चलता है कि फसल वर्ष 2018-19 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) का उच्चतम स्तर पंजाब (11,277.0 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (11,190 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आंध्र प्रदेश (8,847 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तेलंगाना (6,543 रुपये) और महाराष्ट्र (3,500 रुपये)</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.) है.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2018-19 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) का न्यूनतम स्तर झारखंड (753 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद जम्मू और कश्मीर (998 रुपये), हिमाचल प्रदेश (1,244 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ओडिशा (1,587 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">और छत्तीसगढ़ (1,996 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसी प्रकार</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) का उच्चतम स्तर पंजाब (11</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">768.0 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (6</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">228 रुपये), आंध्र प्रदेश (6</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">191 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तेलंगाना (4</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">267 रुपये) और कर्नाटक (2</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">779 रुपये) का स्थान रहा </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.)</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) का न्यूनतम स्तर झारखंड (571 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद जम्मू और कश्मीर (583 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उत्तराखंड (646 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ओडिशा (1</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">001 रुपये) और हिमाचल प्रदेश (1</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">030 रुपये)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> हैं (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) में सबसे अधिक उछाल उत्तराखंड (258.98 प्रतिशत) के लिए देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (79.67 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">छत्तीसगढ़ (76.95 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जम्मू और कश्मीर (71.18 प्रतिशत) और ओडिशा (58.54 प्रतिशत) का स्थान रहा </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.). फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच फसल उत्पादन प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) में नकारात्मक वृद्धि नागालैंड (-60.0 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अरुणाचल प्रदेश (-39.11 प्रतिशत) मिजोरम (-34.83 प्रतिशत) और पंजाब (-4.17 प्रतिशत) में देखी गई थी.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://im4change.org/upload/images/Chart%201a.png" /><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><strong>नोट</strong>: कृपया स्प्रेडशीट प्रारूप में डेटा तक पहुंचने के लिए <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nKmB-9wjU3Ge4MEaFAd4UrTugDF9fQMm/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112233925171588304692&rtpof=true&sd=true">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">स्रोत: फसल वर्ष 2018-19 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया विवरण 5.3</span></span>A.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ग्रामीण भारत में परिवारों की कृषि परिवारों और भूमि और पशुधन की स्थिति का आकलन</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 77वें दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जनवरी 2019-दिसंबर 2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय (एनएसओ)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय (एमओएसपीआई)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">यहां क्लिक करें.</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया परिशिष्ट ए में तालिका-8 देखें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत में कृषि परिवारों की स्थिति आकलन सर्वेक्षण के प्रमुख संकेतक (जनवरी-दिसंबर 2013)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 70वां दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत सरकार</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">दिसंबर 2014</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया एक्सेस करने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया एक्सेस करने के लिए <a href="https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Situation%20Assessment%20Survey%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20in%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">---</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">चार्ट -1 बी इंगित करता है कि फसल वर्ष 2018-19 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों का उच्चतम स्तर (नाममात्र शर्तों में) पंजाब में (28</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">340 रुपये) देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (23</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">209 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आंध्र प्रदेश (12</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">036 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तेलंगाना (11</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">551 रुपये) और कर्नाटक (10</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">276 रुपये) का स्थान रहा </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.). फसल वर्ष 2018-19 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों का न्यूनतम स्तर (नाममात्र शर्तों में) झारखंड (1</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">865.0 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद जम्मू और कश्मीर (2</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">986 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ओडिशा ( 3</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">162 रुपये</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">हिमाचल प्रदेश (3</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">800 रुपये) और पश्चिम बंगाल (4</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">026 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.) का स्थान रहा.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसी तरह</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियां (नाममात्र शर्तों में) का उच्चतम स्तर पंजाब (28,117 रुपये) में देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (17,144 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तेलंगाना ( 8,666 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आंध्र प्रदेश (8,482 रुपये) और कर्नाटक (7,908 रुपये)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> का स्थान रहा (</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.). फसल वर्ष 2012-13 के दौरान प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों का न्यूनतम स्तर (नाममात्र के रूप में) झारखंड में (2,049.0 रुपये) देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद ओडिशा (2,438 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पश्चिम बंगाल (रु. 2,836)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उत्तराखंड (3,255 रुपये) और बिहार (3,358 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों (नाममात्र शर्तों में) में सबसे अधिक उछाल उत्तराखंड (139.11 प्रतिशत) के लिए देखा गया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद बिहार (52.62 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पश्चिम बंगाल (41.96 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">आंध्र प्रदेश (41.9 प्रतिशत) और छत्तीसगढ़ (39.2 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसमें पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों शामिल नहीं हैं.). नागालैंड (-40.1 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अरुणाचल प्रदेश (-26.68 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जम्मू और कश्मीर (-21.96 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">असम (-12.97 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">झारखंड (-8.98 प्रतिशत) और हिमाचल प्रदेश (-4.83 प्रतिशत) में फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच फसल उत्पादन प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों (नाममात्र शर्तों में) में नकारात्मक वृद्धि देखी गई.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://im4change.org/upload/images/Chart%201b.png" /><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><strong>नोट</strong>: कृपया स्प्रेडशीट प्रारूप में डेटा तक पहुंचने के लिए <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nKmB-9wjU3Ge4MEaFAd4UrTugDF9fQMm/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112233925171588304692&rtpof=true&sd=true">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">स्रोत: फसल वर्ष 2018-19 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया विवरण 5.3</span></span>A.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ग्रामीण भारत में परिवारों की कृषि परिवारों और भूमि और पशुधन की स्थिति का आकलन</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 77वें दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जनवरी 2019-दिसंबर 2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय (एनएसओ)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय (एमओएसपीआई)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया परिशिष्ट ए में तालिका-8 देखें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत में कृषि परिवारों की स्थिति आकलन सर्वेक्षण के प्रमुख संकेतक (जनवरी-दिसंबर 2013)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 70वां दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत सरकार</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">दिसंबर 2014</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया एक्सेस करने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया एक्सेस करने के लिए <a href="https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Situation%20Assessment%20Survey%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20in%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">---</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2018-19 में प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन की औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों और औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च के बीच का अंतर पंजाब (17,063 रुपये) के लिए सबसे अधिक था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (12,019 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कर्नाटक (7,057 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उत्तराखंड (5,464 रुपये) और तेलंगाना (5,008 रुपये) का स्थान रहा. यह अंतर झारखंड (1,112 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पश्चिम बंगाल (1,569 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ओडिशा (1,575 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जम्मू और कश्मीर (1,988 रुपये) और हिमाचल प्रदेश (2,556 रुपये) के लिए सबसे कम था.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 में प्रति परिवार फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक प्राप्तियों और औसत मासिक भुगतान व्यय के बीच का अंतर पंजाब (16,349 रुपये) के लिए सबसे अधिक था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद हरियाणा (10,916 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कर्नाटक (5,129 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तेलंगाना (4,399 रुपये) और मध्य प्रदेश (4,254 रुपये) का स्थान रहा. यह अंतर पश्चिम बंगाल (1,017 रुपये) में सबसे कम था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद ओडिशा (1,437 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">झारखंड (1,478 रुपये)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">बिहार (1,904 रुपये) और आंध्र प्रदेश (2,291 रुपये) का स्थान रहा.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इनपुट लागत में मुद्रास्फीति</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> भूमि के </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सभी आकार वर्ग</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">के लिए फसल उत्पादन में लगे प्रति कृषि परिवार पर फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक भुगतान खर्च (नाममात्र शर्तों में) में उच्चतम वृद्धि नोट की गई थी. </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सिंचाई</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">71.4 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ब्याज</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">50.0 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पौधे संरक्षण रसायन</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">49.1 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अन्य सभी खर्च</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">45.3 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">मानव श्रम</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">41.9 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">बीज</span></span>' ' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">36.4 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि का पट्टा किराया</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">26.6 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उर्वरक/खाद</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">16.9 प्रतिशत) और </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पशु श्रम</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">15.6 प्रतिशत) का स्थान आता है. केवल </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">मशीनरी और उपकरणों की मामूली मरम्मत और रखरखाव</span></span>' (-<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">11.6 प्रतिशत) के मामले में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच खर्च में गिरावट देखी जा सकती है. कृपया तालिका-1 देखें.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">औसत </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक - संयुक्त</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">34.0 प्रतिशत) में मुद्रास्फीति की दर के साथ-साथ फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और के बीच औसत </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उपभोक्ता मूल्य सूचकांक - ग्रामीण</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">35.3 प्रतिशत) में मुद्रास्फीति की दर की तुलना में 2018-19</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सिंचाई</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">71.4 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ब्याज</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">50.0 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पौधे संरक्षण रसायन</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">49.1 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अन्य सभी खर्च</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">45.3 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">मानव श्रम</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">(41.9 प्रतिशत) और </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">बीज</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">36.4 प्रतिशत) से संबंधित इनपुट लागत अधिक बढ़ी.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तालिका 1: फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 में धारित भूमि के प्रत्येक आकार वर्ग के लिए फसल उत्पादन में लगे प्रति कृषि परिवार पर फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक खर्च (रु.) और प्राप्तियां (रु.)</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://im4change.org/upload/images/Table%201.png" /><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><strong>नोट</strong>: *मशीनरी और उपकरण का</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""># <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अन्य सभी खर्चों में डीजल</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">बिजली</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल उत्पादन के लिए मशीनरी और उपकरण किराए पर लेने की लागत</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल बीमा की लागत और फसल उत्पादन के लिए कोई अन्य खर्च शामिल हैं.</span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">स्प्रैडशीट प्रारूप में डेटा तक पहुंचने के लिए कृपया <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nKmB-9wjU3Ge4MEaFAd4UrTugDF9fQMm/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=112233925171588304692&rtpof=true&sd=true">यहां क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">स्रोत: फसल वर्ष 2018-19 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया विवरण 5.3ए देखें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ग्रामीण भारत में कृषि परिवारों की स्थिति का आकलन और परिवारों की भूमि और पशुधन होल्डिंग्स</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 77वें दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जनवरी 2019-दिसंबर 2019</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">राष्ट्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय (</span></span>NSO), <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय (</span></span>MoSPI), <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">यहाँ क्लिक करें</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 से संबंधित आंकड़ों के लिए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया परिशिष्ट ए में तालिका-9 देखें</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत में कृषि परिवारों की स्थिति आकलन सर्वेक्षण के प्रमुख संकेतक (जनवरी-दिसंबर 2013)</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">एनएसएस 70वां दौर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सांख्यिकी और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन मंत्रालय</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भारत सरकार</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">दिसंबर 2014</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कृपया एक्सेस करने के लिए <a href="https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Situation%20Assessment%20Survey%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20in%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf">यहां क्लिक करें.</a></span></span></span></span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">---</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">यदि कोई फसल वर्ष 2018-19 के दौरान राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर इनपुट के प्रकार द्वारा फसल उत्पादन के लिए औसत मासिक खर्च के प्रतिशत वितरण को देखता है</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">तो यह देखा जा सकता है कि खर्च का उच्चतम हिस्सा </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">अन्य सभी खर्चों</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">22.33 प्रतिशत) पर किया गया था</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">इसके बाद </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">मानव श्रम</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">22.09 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">उर्वरक/खाद</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">20.78 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">बीज</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">11.52 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पौध संरक्षण रसायन</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">8.31 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि का पट्टा किराया</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">6.76 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सिंचाई</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">4.05 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ब्याज</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1.62 प्रतिशत)</span></span>, '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">मशीनरी और उपकरणों की मामूली मरम्मत और रखरखाव</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1.28 प्रतिशत) और </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पशु श्रम</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1.25 प्रतिशत) है.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""><a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Punjab%20Haryana%20lease%20rent%20for%20land.jpg">पंजाब</a> <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Punjab%20Haryana%20lease%20rent%20for%20land.jpg">और हरियाणा</a> में</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2018-19 में </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि के पट्टे के किराए</span></span>' (<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">राज्य स्तर पर कुल भुगतान किए गए खर्चों के संबंध में) पर किए गए व्यय का प्रतिशत हिस्सा क्रमशः 31.0 प्रतिशत और 29.0 प्रतिशत था. किसी अन्य राज्य/केंद्र शासित प्रदेश ने फसल वर्ष 2018-19 में अपने कुल भुगतान किए गए खर्च के संबंध में </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि के पट्टे के किराए</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">पर इतना खर्च नहीं किया. हरित क्रांति ने बड़े किसान परिवारों के लिए ट्रैक्टर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">ट्यूबवेल</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">थ्रेशर</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">कंबाइन हार्वेस्टर आदि जैसे अविभाज्य इनपुट का उपयोग करके खेती के लिए छोटे किसान परिवारों से भूमि पट्टे पर लेना संभव बना दिया</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">जिसमें बड़े निवेश की आवश्यकता होती है.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2012-13 में भूमि के आकार वर्ग </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.01 हेक्टेयर से कम</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.01-0.40 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.41-1.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1.01 -2.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">2.01-4.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">4.01-10.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">10.00 हेक्टेयर से अधिक</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">और </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">सभी आकार</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि के लिए शुद्ध प्राप्तियां (फसल उत्पादन में लगे प्रति कृषि परिवार से फसल उत्पादन से)</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">428.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 795.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 2,188.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 4,293.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 7,448.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 15,533.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 37,672.0 रुपए और क्रमशः 3,350.0 रुपए थी.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">फसल वर्ष 2018-19 में भूमि के आकार वर्ग </span></span>'<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.01 हेक्टेयर से कम</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.01-0.40 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">0.41-1.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">1.01 -2.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">2.01-4.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">4.01-10.00 हेक्टेयर</span></span>', '<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">10.00 हेक्टेयर से अधिक</span></span>' <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">भूमि के लिए शुद्ध प्राप्तियां (फसल उत्पादन में लगे प्रति कृषि परिवार से फसल उत्पादन से)</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">4</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">336.0 रुपए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 1</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">100.0</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 2</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">712.0 रुपए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 5</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">318.0</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>, <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 9</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">516.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 19</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">796.0 </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">रुपए</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif""> 43</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">623.0 रुपए और क्रमशः 4</span></span>,<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Mangal","serif"">000.0 रुपए थी.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>References:</em></strong></p>
<p>Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019, NSS 77th Round, January 2019-December 2019, National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), please <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/docs/Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20and%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20of%20Households%20in%20Rural%20India%202019.pdf">click here</a> to access </p>
<p>Key Indicators of Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households in India (January-December 2013), NSS 70th Round, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, GoI, December 2014, please <a href="https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Situation%20Assessment%20Survey%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20in%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Situation%20Assessment%20Survey%20of%20Agricultural%20Households%20in%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf">click here</a> to access </p>
<p>News alert: Are we witnessing depeasantisation in Indian agriculture? Inclusive Media for Change, published on 2 October, 2021, please <a href="https://im4change.org/news-alerts-57/are-we-witnessing-depeasantisation-in-indian-agriculture.html" title="https://im4change.org/news-alerts-57/are-we-witnessing-depeasantisation-in-indian-agriculture.html">click here</a> to access</p>
<p>News alert: Tax exemptions and incentives for the corporate sector continue despite reduction in corporate tax rates, Inclusive Media for Change, published on 18th March, 2021, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/news-alerts-57/tax-exemptions-and-incentives-for-the-corporate-sector-continue-despite-reduction-in-corporate-tax-rates.html" title="https://www.im4change.org/news-alerts-57/tax-exemptions-and-incentives-for-the-corporate-sector-continue-despite-reduction-in-corporate-tax-rates.html">click here</a> to access </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Image Courtesy: Inclusive Media for Change/ Shambhu Ghatak</strong></p>
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<br><small>November 5, 2021</small>
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<br><small>October 20, 2021</small>
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<br><small>October 7, 2021</small>
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<br><small>September 25, 2021</small>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/जेंडर-2852.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/सूचना-का-अधिकार-58.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/वनाधिकार-61.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/सोशल-ऑडिट-48.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/भोजन-का-अधिकार-59.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/मानव-विकास-सूचकांक-45.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/poverty-and-inequality.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/शिक्षा-50.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/सवाल-सेहत-का-51.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/what-is-sdg-know-it-all.html"
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<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/कुपोषण-41.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/भुखमरी-एक-आकलन-40.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/मिड-डे-मील-एमडीएमएस-योजना-53.html"
class="left postionrel">मिड डे मील (एमडीएमएस) योजना </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/सार्वजनिक-वितरण-प्रणाली-42.html"
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<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/कर्ज-आत्महत्या/लघु-ऋण-62.html"
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</p>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/कर्ज-आत्महत्या/नीतिगत-पहल-64.html"
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<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/कर्ज-आत्महत्या/कर्ज-का-फंदा-15.html"
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</p>
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<h3><b>पर्यावरण</b></h3>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/खबरदार-52.html"
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/पानी-और-साफ-सफाई-55.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/खेती-पर-असर-54.html"
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<h3><b>कानून और इन्साफ</b></h3>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/सामाजिक-न्याय.html"
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<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/न्यायकितना-दूर-कितना-पास-47.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/मानवाधिकार-56.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/भ्रष्टाचार-35.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/आपदा-और-राहत-49.html"
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</p>
<p style="padding-left:10px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/असुरक्षित-परिवेश-46.html"
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चर्चा में.... | नवीनतम उपलब्ध एनएसओ डेटा: फसल वर्ष 2012-13 और 2018-19 के बीच महंगा हुआ खेती करना </title>
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