Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
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Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        Hunger / HDI | Poverty and inequality    </title>
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&bull; Oxfam India&#39;s 2023 India Supplement report on poverty and inequality in India&nbsp;reveals that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. Following the pandemic in 2019, the bottom 50 per cent of the population have continued..."/>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=13#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi-2014">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#humanity-divided-confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries-undp-january-2014">Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=19#born-equal-how-reducing-inequality-could-give-our-children-a-better-future-2012">Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=20#unctad-2012-report-entitled-policies-for-inclusive-and-balanced-growth">UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=21#asian-development-outlook-2012-confronting-rising-inequality-in-asia">Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of household consumer expenditure in India, generated from the data collected during July 2011&ndash;June 2012 in its 68th round survey. The Central Sample consisted of 7,469 villages in rural areas and 5,268 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories.<br /><br />Some salient findings of the report titled <a name="key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a> relating to monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) based on modified mixed reference period (MMRP)** are as follows (<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS">click here</a> to know more):<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The all-India estimate of average MPCE was around Rs.1430 for rural India and about Rs. 2630 for urban India. Thus average urban MPCE was about 84% higher than average rural MPCE for the country as a whole, though there were wide variations in this differential across States.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The bottom 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 521.44 in rural areas and Rs. 700.50 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The top 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 4481.18 in rural areas and Rs. 10281.84 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For rural India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was estimated as Rs. 616 and the 10th percentile as Rs. 710. The median MPCE was Rs. 1198. Only about 10% of the rural population reported household MPCE above Rs. 2296 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 2886.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For urban India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was Rs. 827 and the 10th percentile, Rs. 983. The median MPCE was Rs. 2019. Only about 10% of the urban population reported household MPCE above Rs. 4610 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 6383.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average rural Indian, food accounted for 52.9% of the value of consumption during 2011-12. This included 10.8% for cereals and cereal substitutes, 8% for milk and milk products, 7.9% on beverages, refreshments and processed food, and 6.6% on vegetables. Among non-food item categories, fuel and light for household purposes (excluding transportation) accounted for 8%, clothing and footwear for 7%, medical expenses for 6.7%, education for 3.5%, conveyance for 4.2%, other consumer services (excl. conveyance) for 4%, and consumer durables for 4.5%.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average urban Indian, 42.6% of the value of household consumption was accounted for by food, including 9% by beverages, refreshments and processed food, 7% by milk and milk products, and 6.7% by cereals and cereal substitutes. Education accounted for 6.9%, fuel and light for 6.7%, conveyance for 6.5%, and clothing &amp; footwear for 6.4%.<br /><br /><em><strong>** Note</strong>: Using Schedule 1.0 Type 2, Monthly per Capita Consumer Expenditure with a mixed reference period where a reference period of 365 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category I, a reference period of 7 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category II and a reference period of 30 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category III.&nbsp; </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=13#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi-2014">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#humanity-divided-confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries-undp-january-2014">Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=19#born-equal-how-reducing-inequality-could-give-our-children-a-better-future-2012">Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=20#unctad-2012-report-entitled-policies-for-inclusive-and-balanced-growth">UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=21#asian-development-outlook-2012-confronting-rising-inequality-in-asia">Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of household consumer expenditure in India, generated from the data collected during July 2011&ndash;June 2012 in its 68th round survey. The Central Sample consisted of 7,469 villages in rural areas and 5,268 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories.<br /><br />Some salient findings of the report titled <a name="key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a> relating to monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) based on modified mixed reference period (MMRP)** are as follows (<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS">click here</a> to know more):<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The all-India estimate of average MPCE was around Rs.1430 for rural India and about Rs. 2630 for urban India. Thus average urban MPCE was about 84% higher than average rural MPCE for the country as a whole, though there were wide variations in this differential across States.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The bottom 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 521.44 in rural areas and Rs. 700.50 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The top 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 4481.18 in rural areas and Rs. 10281.84 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For rural India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was estimated as Rs. 616 and the 10th percentile as Rs. 710. The median MPCE was Rs. 1198. Only about 10% of the rural population reported household MPCE above Rs. 2296 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 2886.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For urban India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was Rs. 827 and the 10th percentile, Rs. 983. The median MPCE was Rs. 2019. Only about 10% of the urban population reported household MPCE above Rs. 4610 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 6383.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average rural Indian, food accounted for 52.9% of the value of consumption during 2011-12. This included 10.8% for cereals and cereal substitutes, 8% for milk and milk products, 7.9% on beverages, refreshments and processed food, and 6.6% on vegetables. Among non-food item categories, fuel and light for household purposes (excluding transportation) accounted for 8%, clothing and footwear for 7%, medical expenses for 6.7%, education for 3.5%, conveyance for 4.2%, other consumer services (excl. conveyance) for 4%, and consumer durables for 4.5%.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average urban Indian, 42.6% of the value of household consumption was accounted for by food, including 9% by beverages, refreshments and processed food, 7% by milk and milk products, and 6.7% by cereals and cereal substitutes. Education accounted for 6.9%, fuel and light for 6.7%, conveyance for 6.5%, and clothing &amp; footwear for 6.4%.<br /><br /><em><strong>** Note</strong>: Using Schedule 1.0 Type 2, Monthly per Capita Consumer Expenditure with a mixed reference period where a reference period of 365 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category I, a reference period of 7 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category II and a reference period of 30 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category III.&nbsp; </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of household consumer expenditure in India, generated from the data collected during July 2011&ndash;June 2012 in its 68th round survey. The Central Sample consisted of 7,469 villages in rural areas and 5,268 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories.<br /><br />Some salient findings of the report titled <a name="key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a> relating to monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) based on modified mixed reference period (MMRP)** are as follows (<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/NSS%2068%20round%20final.pdf" title="NSS">click here</a> to know more):<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The all-India estimate of average MPCE was around Rs.1430 for rural India and about Rs. 2630 for urban India. Thus average urban MPCE was about 84% higher than average rural MPCE for the country as a whole, though there were wide variations in this differential across States.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The bottom 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 521.44 in rural areas and Rs. 700.50 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The top 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 4481.18 in rural areas and Rs. 10281.84 in urban areas.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For rural India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was estimated as Rs. 616 and the 10th percentile as Rs. 710. The median MPCE was Rs. 1198. Only about 10% of the rural population reported household MPCE above Rs. 2296 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 2886.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For urban India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was Rs. 827 and the 10th percentile, Rs. 983. The median MPCE was Rs. 2019. Only about 10% of the urban population reported household MPCE above Rs. 4610 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 6383.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average rural Indian, food accounted for 52.9% of the value of consumption during 2011-12. This included 10.8% for cereals and cereal substitutes, 8% for milk and milk products, 7.9% on beverages, refreshments and processed food, and 6.6% on vegetables. Among non-food item categories, fuel and light for household purposes (excluding transportation) accounted for 8%, clothing and footwear for 7%, medical expenses for 6.7%, education for 3.5%, conveyance for 4.2%, other consumer services (excl. conveyance) for 4%, and consumer durables for 4.5%.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For the average urban Indian, 42.6% of the value of household consumption was accounted for by food, including 9% by beverages, refreshments and processed food, 7% by milk and milk products, and 6.7% by cereals and cereal substitutes. Education accounted for 6.9%, fuel and light for 6.7%, conveyance for 6.5%, and clothing &amp; footwear for 6.4%.<br /><br /><em><strong>** Note</strong>: Using Schedule 1.0 Type 2, Monthly per Capita Consumer Expenditure with a mixed reference period where a reference period of 365 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category I, a reference period of 7 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category II and a reference period of 30 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category III.&nbsp; </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />                                                                    <br>
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Poverty and inequality

What's Inside Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022) Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture titled 'Understanding Inequality' (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera Inequality Kills (released in January 2022) Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022) World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021) The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021) NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021) Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019) More Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012 Global MPI 2018 report Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015) Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015) Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015) Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014 Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014) From poverty to empowerment: India’s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014) Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012) Appraisal of BPL Criteria Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12 Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12) "The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?" (2013) Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10 Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012) UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty 11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission Less The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of household consumer expenditure in India, generated from the data collected during July 2011–June 2012 in its 68th round survey. The Central Sample consisted of 7,469 villages in rural areas and 5,268 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories. Some salient findings of the report titled Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12) relating to monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) based on modified mixed reference period (MMRP)** are as follows (click here to know more): •    The all-India estimate of average MPCE was around Rs.1430 for rural India and about Rs. 2630 for urban India. Thus average urban MPCE was about 84% higher than average rural MPCE for the country as a whole, though there were wide variations in this differential across States. •    The bottom 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 521.44 in rural areas and Rs. 700.50 in urban areas. •    The top 5% of the population had an average monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 4481.18 in rural areas and Rs. 10281.84 in urban areas. •    For rural India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was estimated as Rs. 616 and the 10th percentile as Rs. 710. The median MPCE was Rs. 1198. Only about 10% of the rural population reported household MPCE above Rs. 2296 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 2886. •    For urban India, the 5th percentile of the MPCE distribution was Rs. 827 and the 10th percentile, Rs. 983. The median MPCE was Rs. 2019. Only about 10% of the urban population reported household MPCE above Rs. 4610 and only 5% reported MPCE above Rs. 6383. •    For the average rural Indian, food accounted for 52.9% of the value of consumption during 2011-12. This included 10.8% for cereals and cereal substitutes, 8% for milk and milk products, 7.9% on beverages, refreshments and processed food, and 6.6% on vegetables. Among non-food item categories, fuel and light for household purposes (excluding transportation) accounted for 8%, clothing and footwear for 7%, medical expenses for 6.7%, education for 3.5%, conveyance for 4.2%, other consumer services (excl. conveyance) for 4%, and consumer durables for 4.5%. •    For the average urban Indian, 42.6% of the value of household consumption was accounted for by food, including 9% by beverages, refreshments and processed food, 7% by milk and milk products, and 6.7% by cereals and cereal substitutes. Education accounted for 6.9%, fuel and light for 6.7%, conveyance for 6.5%, and clothing & footwear for 6.4%. ** Note: Using Schedule 1.0 Type 2, Monthly per Capita Consumer Expenditure with a mixed reference period where a reference period of 365 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category I, a reference period of 7 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category II and a reference period of 30 days was used for all items of consumer expenditure in Category III.  « previous12345678910111213141516171819202122next »

 

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