Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
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Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        Hunger / HDI | Poverty and inequality    </title>
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&bull; Oxfam India&#39;s 2023 India Supplement report on poverty and inequality in India&nbsp;reveals that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. Following the pandemic in 2019, the bottom 50 per cent of the population have continued..."/>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=13#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi-2014">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#humanity-divided-confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries-undp-january-2014">Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=19#born-equal-how-reducing-inequality-could-give-our-children-a-better-future-2012">Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=20#unctad-2012-report-entitled-policies-for-inclusive-and-balanced-growth">UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=21#asian-development-outlook-2012-confronting-rising-inequality-in-asia">Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation conducted the latest survey on All India Debt and&nbsp;Investment Survey during the period January &ndash; December, 2019 as a part of 77th round of National Sample Survey (NSS). Prior to&nbsp;this the survey was carried out in NSS 26th round (1971-72), 37th round (1981-82), 48th round (1992), 59th round (2003) and 70th round (2013).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The main objective of the survey on Debt and Investment was to collect basic quantitative information on the assets and liabilities of the households as on 30.6.2018. Besides, the&nbsp;survey gathered information on the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the households during the Agricultural Year 2018-19 (July-June), under different heads, like residential buildings, farm business and non-farm business.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The present survey was spread over the entire Indian Union and data were collected in two visits (Visit 1: January-August, 2019 and Visit 2: September - December, 2019) from the same set of sample households. The survey was spread over 5,940 villages covering 69,455 households in the rural sector and 3,995 blocks covering 47,006 households in the urban sector.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The following indicators were generated from the survey of All India Debt and Investment:</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average value of Assets (AVA): The average value of all the physical and financial assets owned per household as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Incidence of Indebtedness (IOI): The percentage of the indebted households as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average amount of Debt (AOD): The average amount of cash dues as on 30.06.2018 per household.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the <a name="nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>, which has been produced by National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf" title="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf">click here</a> and <a href="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf">here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>A. Asset Holdings</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household owning assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 99.4 percent of the households in Rural India (100 percent cultivator households and 98.6 percent non-cultivator households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 98 percent of the households in Urban India (99.7 percent self-employed households and 97.3 percent other households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, 97.5 percent households owned physical assets and 96.6 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Urban India, 85.4 percent households owned physical assets and 94.7 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average value of asset (AVA) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 15,92,379 in Rural India (Rs. 22,07,257 for cultivator households, Rs. 7,85,063 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 27,17,081 in Urban India (Rs. 41,51,226 for self-employed households, Rs. 22,10,707 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 15,19,771 and average value for financial asset was Rs. 72,608 in Rural India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 24,65,277 and Average value of financial asset per household was Rs. 2,51,804 in Urban India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage share of different components of assets in total value of assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Land and building together, in Rural India, jointly holding 91 percent share in the total value of asset, with land having 69 percent share and buildings 22 percent share followed by deposits (5 percent) and other assets (4 percent)</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Share of land in total value of assets is around 49 percent in Urban India followed by building (38 percent), deposits (9 percent) and other assets (4 percent).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Note: </strong>Other assets include livestock, transport equipments, agricultural machinery, non-farm business equipment and shares</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>B. Household Indebtedness</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Incidence of indebtedness (IOI) as on 30.06.2018&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Incidence of Indebtedness was about 35 percent in Rural India (40.3 percent cultivator households, 28.2 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 22.4 percent in Urban India (27.5 percent self-employed households, 20.6 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India,17.8 percent households were indebted to institutional credit agencies only (21.2 percent cultivator households, 13.5 percent non-cultivator households) against&nbsp;<br />14.5 percent households in Urban India (18 percent self-employed households, 13.3 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 10.2 pervent of the households were indebted to non-institutional credit agencies &nbsp;only in Rural India (10.3 percent cultivator households, 10 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 4.9 percent households in Urban India (5.2 percent self-employed households, 4.8 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 7 percent of the households were indebted to both institutional credit agencies and non-institutional credit agencies in Rural India (8.8 percent cultivator households,&nbsp;<br />4.7 percent non-cultivator households) against 3 percent households in Urban India (4.3 percent self-employed households, 2.5 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt (AOD) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 59,748 among rural households (Rs. 74,460 for cultivator households, Rs. 40,432 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,20,336 among urban households (Rs. 1,79,765 for self-employed households, Rs. 99,353 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 66 percent against 34 percent from non-institutional credit agencies. In Urban India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 87 percent compared to 13 percent from non-institutional credit agencies.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt per indebted household (AODL) as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,70,533 among indebted households in Rural India (Rs. 1,84,903 for cultivator households, Rs. 1,43,557 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 5,36,861 among indebted households in Urban India (Rs. 6,52,768 for self-employed households, Rs. 4,82,162 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>C. Capital Expenditure&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household reporting Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 35 percent of the rural households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (45.1 percent cultivator households, 21.5 percent non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 15 percent of the urban households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (25.3 percent self-employed households, 11 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 8,966 in Rural India (Rs. 10,689 for cultivator households, Rs. 6,712 for non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 10,863 in Urban India (Rs. 15,899 for self-employed households, Rs. 9,070 for other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>D. Deposit Account in Bank</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of adult population (18 years and above) having deposit account in Bank&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 84.4 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Rural India (88.1 percent male and 80.7 percent female).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 85.2 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Urban India (89.0 percent male and 81.3 percent female)</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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    <section class="cat-box recent-box innerCatRecent">
    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Poverty and inequality</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=13#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi-2014">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#humanity-divided-confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries-undp-january-2014">Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=19#born-equal-how-reducing-inequality-could-give-our-children-a-better-future-2012">Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=20#unctad-2012-report-entitled-policies-for-inclusive-and-balanced-growth">UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=21#asian-development-outlook-2012-confronting-rising-inequality-in-asia">Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation conducted the latest survey on All India Debt and&nbsp;Investment Survey during the period January &ndash; December, 2019 as a part of 77th round of National Sample Survey (NSS). Prior to&nbsp;this the survey was carried out in NSS 26th round (1971-72), 37th round (1981-82), 48th round (1992), 59th round (2003) and 70th round (2013).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The main objective of the survey on Debt and Investment was to collect basic quantitative information on the assets and liabilities of the households as on 30.6.2018. Besides, the&nbsp;survey gathered information on the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the households during the Agricultural Year 2018-19 (July-June), under different heads, like residential buildings, farm business and non-farm business.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The present survey was spread over the entire Indian Union and data were collected in two visits (Visit 1: January-August, 2019 and Visit 2: September - December, 2019) from the same set of sample households. The survey was spread over 5,940 villages covering 69,455 households in the rural sector and 3,995 blocks covering 47,006 households in the urban sector.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The following indicators were generated from the survey of All India Debt and Investment:</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average value of Assets (AVA): The average value of all the physical and financial assets owned per household as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Incidence of Indebtedness (IOI): The percentage of the indebted households as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average amount of Debt (AOD): The average amount of cash dues as on 30.06.2018 per household.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the <a name="nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>, which has been produced by National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf" title="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf">click here</a> and <a href="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf">here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>A. Asset Holdings</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household owning assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 99.4 percent of the households in Rural India (100 percent cultivator households and 98.6 percent non-cultivator households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 98 percent of the households in Urban India (99.7 percent self-employed households and 97.3 percent other households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, 97.5 percent households owned physical assets and 96.6 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Urban India, 85.4 percent households owned physical assets and 94.7 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average value of asset (AVA) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 15,92,379 in Rural India (Rs. 22,07,257 for cultivator households, Rs. 7,85,063 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 27,17,081 in Urban India (Rs. 41,51,226 for self-employed households, Rs. 22,10,707 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 15,19,771 and average value for financial asset was Rs. 72,608 in Rural India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 24,65,277 and Average value of financial asset per household was Rs. 2,51,804 in Urban India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage share of different components of assets in total value of assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Land and building together, in Rural India, jointly holding 91 percent share in the total value of asset, with land having 69 percent share and buildings 22 percent share followed by deposits (5 percent) and other assets (4 percent)</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Share of land in total value of assets is around 49 percent in Urban India followed by building (38 percent), deposits (9 percent) and other assets (4 percent).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Note: </strong>Other assets include livestock, transport equipments, agricultural machinery, non-farm business equipment and shares</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>B. Household Indebtedness</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Incidence of indebtedness (IOI) as on 30.06.2018&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Incidence of Indebtedness was about 35 percent in Rural India (40.3 percent cultivator households, 28.2 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 22.4 percent in Urban India (27.5 percent self-employed households, 20.6 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India,17.8 percent households were indebted to institutional credit agencies only (21.2 percent cultivator households, 13.5 percent non-cultivator households) against&nbsp;<br />14.5 percent households in Urban India (18 percent self-employed households, 13.3 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 10.2 pervent of the households were indebted to non-institutional credit agencies &nbsp;only in Rural India (10.3 percent cultivator households, 10 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 4.9 percent households in Urban India (5.2 percent self-employed households, 4.8 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 7 percent of the households were indebted to both institutional credit agencies and non-institutional credit agencies in Rural India (8.8 percent cultivator households,&nbsp;<br />4.7 percent non-cultivator households) against 3 percent households in Urban India (4.3 percent self-employed households, 2.5 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt (AOD) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 59,748 among rural households (Rs. 74,460 for cultivator households, Rs. 40,432 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,20,336 among urban households (Rs. 1,79,765 for self-employed households, Rs. 99,353 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 66 percent against 34 percent from non-institutional credit agencies. In Urban India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 87 percent compared to 13 percent from non-institutional credit agencies.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt per indebted household (AODL) as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,70,533 among indebted households in Rural India (Rs. 1,84,903 for cultivator households, Rs. 1,43,557 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 5,36,861 among indebted households in Urban India (Rs. 6,52,768 for self-employed households, Rs. 4,82,162 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>C. Capital Expenditure&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household reporting Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 35 percent of the rural households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (45.1 percent cultivator households, 21.5 percent non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 15 percent of the urban households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (25.3 percent self-employed households, 11 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 8,966 in Rural India (Rs. 10,689 for cultivator households, Rs. 6,712 for non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 10,863 in Urban India (Rs. 15,899 for self-employed households, Rs. 9,070 for other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>D. Deposit Account in Bank</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of adult population (18 years and above) having deposit account in Bank&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 84.4 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Rural India (88.1 percent male and 80.7 percent female).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 85.2 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Urban India (89.0 percent male and 81.3 percent female)</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Poverty and inequality</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#poverty-and-shared-prosperity-2022-correcting-course-released-in-october-2022">Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#malcolm-adiseshiah-memorial-lecturenbsptitled-39understanding-inequality39-released-in-2022-delivered-by-prof-reetika-khera">Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture&nbsp;titled &#39;Understanding Inequality&#39; (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=2#inequality-kills-india-supplement-released-in-january-2022">Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#world-inequality-report-2022-released-on-7-december-2021">World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply-released-on-march-18th-2021">The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=4#nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-economic-prospects-gep-released-in-january-2021">Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2020-released-in-july-2020">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=5#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-2019-illuminating-inequalities-released-in-july-2019">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=6#wealth-inequality-class-and-caste-in-india-1961-2012">Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=7#global-mpi-2018-report">Global MPI 2018 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=8#ending-extreme-poverty-sharing-prosperity-progress-and-policies-released-in-october-2015">Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=9#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=10#household-consumer-expenditure-across-socio-economic-groups-2011-12-published-in-february-2015">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=11#addressing-inequality-in-south-asia-published-in-january-2015">Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=12#rangarajan-committee-report-on-measurement-of-poverty-2014">Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=13#global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi-2014">Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#humanity-divided-confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries-undp-january-2014">Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=14#from-poverty-to-empowerment-indiarsquos-imperative-for-jobs-growth-and-effective-basic-services-2014">From poverty to empowerment: India&rsquo;s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#key-indicators-of-urban-slums-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#appraisal-of-bpl-criteria">Appraisal of BPL Criteria</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=15#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2011-12">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=16#key-indicators-of-household-consumer-expenditure-in-india-68th-round-nss-2011-12">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#the-state-of-the-poor-where-are-the-poor-and-where-are-the-poorest-2013">&quot;The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?&quot; (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=17#report-of-the-expert-group-to-recommend-the-detailed-methodology-for-identification-of-families-living-below-poverty-line-in-the-urban-areas">Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=18#press-note-on-poverty-estimates-2009-10">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=19#born-equal-how-reducing-inequality-could-give-our-children-a-better-future-2012">Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=20#unctad-2012-report-entitled-policies-for-inclusive-and-balanced-growth">UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=21#asian-development-outlook-2012-confronting-rising-inequality-in-asia">Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#suresh-tendulkar-committee-report-on-poverty">Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=22#11th-five-year-plan-of-the-planning-commission">11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation conducted the latest survey on All India Debt and&nbsp;Investment Survey during the period January &ndash; December, 2019 as a part of 77th round of National Sample Survey (NSS). Prior to&nbsp;this the survey was carried out in NSS 26th round (1971-72), 37th round (1981-82), 48th round (1992), 59th round (2003) and 70th round (2013).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The main objective of the survey on Debt and Investment was to collect basic quantitative information on the assets and liabilities of the households as on 30.6.2018. Besides, the&nbsp;survey gathered information on the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the households during the Agricultural Year 2018-19 (July-June), under different heads, like residential buildings, farm business and non-farm business.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The present survey was spread over the entire Indian Union and data were collected in two visits (Visit 1: January-August, 2019 and Visit 2: September - December, 2019) from the same set of sample households. The survey was spread over 5,940 villages covering 69,455 households in the rural sector and 3,995 blocks covering 47,006 households in the urban sector.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The following indicators were generated from the survey of All India Debt and Investment:</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average value of Assets (AVA): The average value of all the physical and financial assets owned per household as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Incidence of Indebtedness (IOI): The percentage of the indebted households as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average amount of Debt (AOD): The average amount of cash dues as on 30.06.2018 per household.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">* Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the <a name="nss-77th-round-report-titled-all-india-debt-and-investment-survey-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2021">NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021)</a>, which has been produced by National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf" title="/upload/files/NSS%2077th%20Round%20Report%20titled%20All%20India%20Dent%20and%20Investment%20Survey%202019%20January-December%202019.pdf">click here</a> and <a href="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20release%20All%20India%20Debt%20%26%20Investment%20Survey.pdf">here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>A. Asset Holdings</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household owning assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 99.4 percent of the households in Rural India (100 percent cultivator households and 98.6 percent non-cultivator households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 98 percent of the households in Urban India (99.7 percent self-employed households and 97.3 percent other households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, 97.5 percent households owned physical assets and 96.6 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Urban India, 85.4 percent households owned physical assets and 94.7 percent households owned financial assets.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average value of asset (AVA) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 15,92,379 in Rural India (Rs. 22,07,257 for cultivator households, Rs. 7,85,063 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of asset per household was Rs. 27,17,081 in Urban India (Rs. 41,51,226 for self-employed households, Rs. 22,10,707 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 15,19,771 and average value for financial asset was Rs. 72,608 in Rural India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 24,65,277 and Average value of financial asset per household was Rs. 2,51,804 in Urban India.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage share of different components of assets in total value of assets as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Land and building together, in Rural India, jointly holding 91 percent share in the total value of asset, with land having 69 percent share and buildings 22 percent share followed by deposits (5 percent) and other assets (4 percent)</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Share of land in total value of assets is around 49 percent in Urban India followed by building (38 percent), deposits (9 percent) and other assets (4 percent).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Note: </strong>Other assets include livestock, transport equipments, agricultural machinery, non-farm business equipment and shares</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>B. Household Indebtedness</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Incidence of indebtedness (IOI) as on 30.06.2018&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Incidence of Indebtedness was about 35 percent in Rural India (40.3 percent cultivator households, 28.2 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 22.4 percent in Urban India (27.5 percent self-employed households, 20.6 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India,17.8 percent households were indebted to institutional credit agencies only (21.2 percent cultivator households, 13.5 percent non-cultivator households) against&nbsp;<br />14.5 percent households in Urban India (18 percent self-employed households, 13.3 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 10.2 pervent of the households were indebted to non-institutional credit agencies &nbsp;only in Rural India (10.3 percent cultivator households, 10 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 4.9 percent households in Urban India (5.2 percent self-employed households, 4.8 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 7 percent of the households were indebted to both institutional credit agencies and non-institutional credit agencies in Rural India (8.8 percent cultivator households,&nbsp;<br />4.7 percent non-cultivator households) against 3 percent households in Urban India (4.3 percent self-employed households, 2.5 percent other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt (AOD) per household as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 59,748 among rural households (Rs. 74,460 for cultivator households, Rs. 40,432 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,20,336 among urban households (Rs. 1,79,765 for self-employed households, Rs. 99,353 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In Rural India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 66 percent against 34 percent from non-institutional credit agencies. In Urban India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 87 percent compared to 13 percent from non-institutional credit agencies.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Debt per indebted household (AODL) as on 30.06.2018</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,70,533 among indebted households in Rural India (Rs. 1,84,903 for cultivator households, Rs. 1,43,557 for non-cultivator households).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Average amount of debt was Rs. 5,36,861 among indebted households in Urban India (Rs. 6,52,768 for self-employed households, Rs. 4,82,162 for other households).</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>C. Capital Expenditure&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of household reporting Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 35 percent of the rural households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (45.1 percent cultivator households, 21.5 percent non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 15 percent of the urban households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (25.3 percent self-employed households, 11 percent other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Average amount of Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 8,966 in Rural India (Rs. 10,689 for cultivator households, Rs. 6,712 for non-cultivator households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 10,863 in Urban India (Rs. 15,899 for self-employed households, Rs. 9,070 for other households).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>D. Deposit Account in Bank</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>-- Percentage of adult population (18 years and above) having deposit account in Bank&nbsp;</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 84.4 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Rural India (88.1 percent male and 80.7 percent female).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; About 85.2 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Urban India (89.0 percent male and 81.3 percent female)</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Poverty and inequality

What's Inside Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course (released in October 2022) Malcolm Adiseshiah Memorial Lecture titled 'Understanding Inequality' (released in 2022) delivered by Prof. Reetika Khera Inequality Kills (released in January 2022) Inequality Kills -- India Supplement (released in January 2022) World Inequality Report 2022 (released on 7 December, 2021) The Pandemic Stalls Growth in the Global Middle Class, Pushes Poverty Up Sharply (released on March 18th, 2021) NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021) Global Economic Prospects (GEP) (released in January 2021) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2020 (released in July 2020) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities (released in July, 2019) More Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India 1961-2012 Global MPI 2018 report Ending Extreme Poverty, Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (released in October 2015) Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015) Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12 (published in February 2015) Addressing Inequality in South Asia (published in January 2015) Rangarajan Committee Report on Measurement of Poverty 2014 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2014 Humanity divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries, UNDP (January, 2014) From poverty to empowerment: India’s imperative for jobs, growth, and effective basic services (2014) Key Indicators of Urban Slums in India (July 2012 to December 2012) Appraisal of BPL Criteria Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011-12 Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India: 68th round NSS (2011-12) "The State of the Poor: Where are the Poor and Where are the Poorest?" (2013) Report of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10 Born Equal: How reducing inequality could give our children a better future (2012) UNCTAD 2012 report entitled Policies for Inclusive and Balanced Growth Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia Suresh Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty 11th Five-Year Plan of the Planning Commission Less The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation conducted the latest survey on All India Debt and Investment Survey during the period January – December, 2019 as a part of 77th round of National Sample Survey (NSS). Prior to this the survey was carried out in NSS 26th round (1971-72), 37th round (1981-82), 48th round (1992), 59th round (2003) and 70th round (2013). The main objective of the survey on Debt and Investment was to collect basic quantitative information on the assets and liabilities of the households as on 30.6.2018. Besides, the survey gathered information on the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the households during the Agricultural Year 2018-19 (July-June), under different heads, like residential buildings, farm business and non-farm business.  The present survey was spread over the entire Indian Union and data were collected in two visits (Visit 1: January-August, 2019 and Visit 2: September - December, 2019) from the same set of sample households. The survey was spread over 5,940 villages covering 69,455 households in the rural sector and 3,995 blocks covering 47,006 households in the urban sector.  The following indicators were generated from the survey of All India Debt and Investment: * Average value of Assets (AVA): The average value of all the physical and financial assets owned per household as on 30.06.2018. * Incidence of Indebtedness (IOI): The percentage of the indebted households as on 30.06.2018. * Average amount of Debt (AOD): The average amount of cash dues as on 30.06.2018 per household. * Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019. * Average Fixed Capital Expenditure by the households during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019.  The key findings of the NSS 77th Round Report titled All India Debt and Investment Survey 2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2021), which has been produced by National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), are as follows (please click here and here to access): A. Asset Holdings -- Percentage of household owning assets as on 30.06.2018 • About 99.4 percent of the households in Rural India (100 percent cultivator households and 98.6 percent non-cultivator households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018. • About 98 percent of the households in Urban India (99.7 percent self-employed households and 97.3 percent other households) reported owning any asset (physical or financial) as on 30.06.2018. • In Rural India, 97.5 percent households owned physical assets and 96.6 percent households owned financial assets. • In Urban India, 85.4 percent households owned physical assets and 94.7 percent households owned financial assets. -- Average value of asset (AVA) per household as on 30.06.2018 • Average value of asset per household was Rs. 15,92,379 in Rural India (Rs. 22,07,257 for cultivator households, Rs. 7,85,063 for non-cultivator households). • Average value of asset per household was Rs. 27,17,081 in Urban India (Rs. 41,51,226 for self-employed households, Rs. 22,10,707 for other households). • Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 15,19,771 and average value for financial asset was Rs. 72,608 in Rural India.  • Average value of physical asset per household was Rs. 24,65,277 and Average value of financial asset per household was Rs. 2,51,804 in Urban India.  -- Percentage share of different components of assets in total value of assets as on 30.06.2018 • Land and building together, in Rural India, jointly holding 91 percent share in the total value of asset, with land having 69 percent share and buildings 22 percent share followed by deposits (5 percent) and other assets (4 percent) • Share of land in total value of assets is around 49 percent in Urban India followed by building (38 percent), deposits (9 percent) and other assets (4 percent). Note: Other assets include livestock, transport equipments, agricultural machinery, non-farm business equipment and shares B. Household Indebtedness -- Incidence of indebtedness (IOI) as on 30.06.2018  • Incidence of Indebtedness was about 35 percent in Rural India (40.3 percent cultivator households, 28.2 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 22.4 percent in Urban India (27.5 percent self-employed households, 20.6 percent other households). • In Rural India,17.8 percent households were indebted to institutional credit agencies only (21.2 percent cultivator households, 13.5 percent non-cultivator households) against  14.5 percent households in Urban India (18 percent self-employed households, 13.3 percent other households).  • About 10.2 pervent of the households were indebted to non-institutional credit agencies  only in Rural India (10.3 percent cultivator households, 10 percent non-cultivator households) compared to 4.9 percent households in Urban India (5.2 percent self-employed households, 4.8 percent other households). • About 7 percent of the households were indebted to both institutional credit agencies and non-institutional credit agencies in Rural India (8.8 percent cultivator households,  4.7 percent non-cultivator households) against 3 percent households in Urban India (4.3 percent self-employed households, 2.5 percent other households). -- Average amount of Debt (AOD) per household as on 30.06.2018 • Average amount of debt was Rs. 59,748 among rural households (Rs. 74,460 for cultivator households, Rs. 40,432 for non-cultivator households). • Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,20,336 among urban households (Rs. 1,79,765 for self-employed households, Rs. 99,353 for other households). • In Rural India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 66 percent against 34 percent from non-institutional credit agencies. In Urban India, the share of outstanding cash debt from institutional credit agencies was 87 percent compared to 13 percent from non-institutional credit agencies. -- Average amount of Debt per indebted household (AODL) as on 30.06.2018 • Average amount of debt was Rs. 1,70,533 among indebted households in Rural India (Rs. 1,84,903 for cultivator households, Rs. 1,43,557 for non-cultivator households). • Average amount of debt was Rs. 5,36,861 among indebted households in Urban India (Rs. 6,52,768 for self-employed households, Rs. 4,82,162 for other households). C. Capital Expenditure  -- Percentage of household reporting Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019 • About 35 percent of the rural households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (45.1 percent cultivator households, 21.5 percent non-cultivator households).  • About 15 percent of the urban households reported incurring expenditure towards formation of fixed capital (25.3 percent self-employed households, 11 percent other households).  -- Average amount of Fixed Capital Expenditure (FCE) during 01.07.2018 to 30.06.2019 • The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 8,966 in Rural India (Rs. 10,689 for cultivator households, Rs. 6,712 for non-cultivator households).  • The average fixed capital expenditure incurred per household was Rs. 10,863 in Urban India (Rs. 15,899 for self-employed households, Rs. 9,070 for other households).  D. Deposit Account in Bank -- Percentage of adult population (18 years and above) having deposit account in Bank  • About 84.4 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Rural India (88.1 percent male and 80.7 percent female). • About 85.2 percent of the population of age 18 years and above had deposit account in Banks in Urban India (89.0 percent male and 81.3 percent female) « previous12345678910111213141516171819202122next »

 

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