Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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        Migration    </title>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..."/>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=2#global-trends-forced-displacement-in-2021-released-in-june-2022">Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021 (released in June 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=3#migration-in-india-july-2020-june-2021-released-on-june-14-2022">Migration in India July 2020-June 2021 (released on June 14, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=4#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-ii-one-year-of-covid-19-are-we-seeing-shifts-in-internal-migration-patterns-in-india-released-on-25th-june-2021">Voices of the Invisible Citizens II: One year of COVID-19 -- Are we seeing shifts in internal migration patterns in India? (released on 25th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#no-country-for-workers-the-covid-19-second-wave-local-lockdowns-and-migrant-worker-distress-in-india-released-on-16th-june-2021">No Country for Workers: The COVID-19 Second Wave, Local Lockdowns and Migrant Worker Distress in India (released on 16th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-5th-may-2021">Press release by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 5th May, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=6#covid-19-emergence-spread-and-its-impact-on-the-indian-economy-and-migrant-workers-released-in-april-2021">COVID-19: Emergence, Spread and Its Impact on the Indian Economy and Migrant Workers (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=7#understanding-the-effect-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-migrant-construction-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Understanding the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Migrant Construction Workers in India (released in December 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#road-map-for-developing-a-policy-framework-for-the-inclusion-of-internal-migrant-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Road map for developing a policy framework for the inclusion of internal migrant workers in India (released in December, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#citizens-and-the-sovereign-stories-from-the-largest-human-exodus-in-contemporary-indian-history-released-in-november-2020">Citizens and the Sovereign: Stories from the Largest Human Exodus in Contemporary Indian History (released in November 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#survey-on-migrant-workers-a-study-on-their-livelihood-after-reverse-migration-due-to-lockdown-released-in-october-2020">Survey on Migrant Workers: A Study on their Livelihood after Reverse Migration due to Lockdown (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#response-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-15th-september-2020">Response by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 15th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#after-the-long-marches-what-do-workers-want-released-on-31st-august-2020">After the long marches: What do workers want? (released on 31st August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#garment-workers-in-indiarsquos-lockdown-semi-starvation-and-de-humanisation-lead-to-exodus-released-in-june-2020">Garment Workers in India&rsquo;s Lockdown Semi-Starvation and De-humanisation Lead to Exodus (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#to-leave-or-not-to-leave-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-their-journeys-home-released-on-5th-june-2020">To Leave or Not to Leave? Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and Their Journeys Home (released on 5th June, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#39unlocking-the-urban-reimagining-migrant-lives-in-cities-post-covid-1939-released-on-1st-may-2020">&#39;Unlocking the Urban: Reimagining Migrant Lives in Cities Post-COVID 19&#39; (released on 1st May, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=11#21-days-and-counting-covid-19-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-the-inadequacy-of-welfare-measures-in-india-released-on-14-april-2020">21 Days and Counting: COVID-19 Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and the Inadequacy of Welfare Measures in India (released on 14 April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=12#first-round-of-delhi-national-capital-region-coronavirus-telephone-survey-conducted-by-ncaer-released-on-12th-april-2020">First Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by NCAER (released on 12th April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=13#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-a-rapid-assessment-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-lockdown-on-internal-migrant-workers-recommendations-for-the-state-industry-philanthropies-released-in-april-2020">Voices of the Invisible Citizens: A Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Internal Migrant Workers -- Recommendations for the State, Industry &amp; Philanthropies (released in April 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#human-cost-of-sugar-living-and-workiing-conditions-of-migrant-cane-cutters-in-maharashtra-released-in-february-2020">Human Cost of Sugar: Living and Workiing Conditions of Migrant Cane-cutters in Maharashtra (released in February 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#interstate-migrants-policy-index-impex-2019">Interstate Migrants Policy Index (IMPEX) 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-working-group-on-migration-released-in-january-2017">Report of the Working Group on Migration (released in January 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#economic-survey-2016-17-released-in-january-2017">Economic Survey 2016-17 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=16#concept-note-prepared-for-the-national-seminar-entitled-39contesting-spaces-negotiating-development-a-dialogue-on-domestic-migrants-state-and-inclusive-citizenship-in-indiarsquo-25-26-march-2016">Concept Note prepared for the national seminar entitled: &#39;Contesting Spaces &amp; Negotiating Development: A Dialogue on Domestic Migrants, State and Inclusive Citizenship in India&rsquo; (25-26 March 2016)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=17#social-inclusion-of-internal-migrants-in-india-2013">Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=18#migration-and-gender-in-india-by-indrani-mazumdar-n-neetha-and-indu-agnihotri">Migration and Gender in India by Indrani Mazumdar, N Neetha and Indu Agnihotri</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#migration-in-india-2007-08-national-sample-survey">Migration in India, 2007-08, National Sample Survey</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#managing-the-exodus-grounding-migration-in-india">Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#internal-displacement-global-overview-of-trends-and-developments-in-2009">Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#11supthsup-five-year-plan-planning-commission">11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#in-the-name-of-national-pride-2009">In the Name of National Pride (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The economic crisis induced by COVID-19 could be long, deep, and pervasive when viewed through a migration lens. Lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing have brought global economic activities to a near standstill.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Host countries face additional challenges in many sectors, such as health and agriculture, that depend on the availability of migrant workers. Migrants face the risk of contagion and also the possible loss of employment, wages, and health insurance coverage.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Migration and Development Brief entitled &#39;<a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens</a>&#39; provides a prognosis of how these events might affect global trends in international economic migration and remittances in 2020 and 2021. Considering that migrants tend to be concentrated in urban economic centers (cities), and are vulnerable to infection by the coronavirus, there is a need to include migrants in efforts to fight thecoronavirus. Migrant remittances provide an economic lifeline to poor households in many countries; a reduction in remittance flows could increase poverty and reduce households&rsquo; access to muchneeded health services. The crisis could exacerbate xenophobic, discriminatory treatment of migrants, which calls for greater vigilance against such practices.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The policy brief is largely focused on international migrants, but governments should not ignore the plight of internal migrants. The magnitude of internal migration is about two-and-a-half times that of international migration. Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programs, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the policy brief entitled <a name="covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>, Migration and Development Brief no. 32, Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD), which is supported by the World Bank, European Commission, Germany&rsquo;s Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Remittances to India are projected to fall by about 23 percent to reach $64 billion in 2020 from $83 billion in 2019. Remittances grew by 5.5 percent in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As the early phases of the crisis unfolded, many international migrants, especially from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, returned to countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh &ndash; until travel restrictions halted these flows.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of recorded, primarily low-skilled emigrants from India rose in 2019 relative to the prior year but is expected to decline in 2020 due to the pandemic and oil price declines impacting the GCC countries. In India, the number of low-skilled emigrants seeking mandatory clearance for emigration rose slightly by 8 percent to 3,68,048 in 2019 (Ministry of External Affairs, India).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The lockdown in India has impacted the livelihoods of a large proportion of the country&rsquo;s nearly 40 million internal migrants. Around 50,000&ndash;60,000 moved from urban centers to rural areas of origin in the span of a few days. The government set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to these migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of internal migrants is about two-and-a-half times that of international migrants. China and India each have over 100 million internal migrants. For the poorer sections of the population, especially from underdeveloped rural areas, migration to urban economic centers provides an escape from poverty and unemployment. Remittances from these migrants, typically smaller amounts than those from international migrants, serve as a lifeline and insurance for families left behind.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programmes, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Migrant workers tend to be vulnerable to the loss of employment and wages during an economic crisis in their host country, more so than native-born workers. Lockdowns in labor camps and dormitories can also increase the risk of contagion among migrant workers. Many migrants have been stranded due to the suspension of transport services.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Although the use of digital payment instruments for sending remittances is increasing, poorer and irregular migrants often lack access to online services. They require the origination and distribution of funds through banks, payment cards, or mobile money. Online transactions (like cash-based services) require remittance service providers to exercise vigilance against fraud and financial crime, to comply with anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regulations. However, such due diligence has become difficult amid staff shortages.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The COVID-19 outbreak has placed many internal migrant workers in dire conditions, many losing their (mostly informal) jobs and unable to return home due to disruption to public transport services and movement restrictions. This is the reality for most migrant workers, especially those working in the informal sector and living in overcrowded slums.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Remittances%20to%20India%202019.jpg" style="height:459px; width:814px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In India, the government has now set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to stranded migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin. Some countries are providing cash support to affected and vulnerable groups with a specific allocation for internal migrants and returned migrant workers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled <a name="borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..."/>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Migration</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=2#global-trends-forced-displacement-in-2021-released-in-june-2022">Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021 (released in June 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=3#migration-in-india-july-2020-june-2021-released-on-june-14-2022">Migration in India July 2020-June 2021 (released on June 14, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=4#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-ii-one-year-of-covid-19-are-we-seeing-shifts-in-internal-migration-patterns-in-india-released-on-25th-june-2021">Voices of the Invisible Citizens II: One year of COVID-19 -- Are we seeing shifts in internal migration patterns in India? (released on 25th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#no-country-for-workers-the-covid-19-second-wave-local-lockdowns-and-migrant-worker-distress-in-india-released-on-16th-june-2021">No Country for Workers: The COVID-19 Second Wave, Local Lockdowns and Migrant Worker Distress in India (released on 16th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-5th-may-2021">Press release by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 5th May, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=6#covid-19-emergence-spread-and-its-impact-on-the-indian-economy-and-migrant-workers-released-in-april-2021">COVID-19: Emergence, Spread and Its Impact on the Indian Economy and Migrant Workers (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=7#understanding-the-effect-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-migrant-construction-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Understanding the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Migrant Construction Workers in India (released in December 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#road-map-for-developing-a-policy-framework-for-the-inclusion-of-internal-migrant-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Road map for developing a policy framework for the inclusion of internal migrant workers in India (released in December, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#citizens-and-the-sovereign-stories-from-the-largest-human-exodus-in-contemporary-indian-history-released-in-november-2020">Citizens and the Sovereign: Stories from the Largest Human Exodus in Contemporary Indian History (released in November 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#survey-on-migrant-workers-a-study-on-their-livelihood-after-reverse-migration-due-to-lockdown-released-in-october-2020">Survey on Migrant Workers: A Study on their Livelihood after Reverse Migration due to Lockdown (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#response-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-15th-september-2020">Response by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 15th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#after-the-long-marches-what-do-workers-want-released-on-31st-august-2020">After the long marches: What do workers want? (released on 31st August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#garment-workers-in-indiarsquos-lockdown-semi-starvation-and-de-humanisation-lead-to-exodus-released-in-june-2020">Garment Workers in India&rsquo;s Lockdown Semi-Starvation and De-humanisation Lead to Exodus (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#to-leave-or-not-to-leave-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-their-journeys-home-released-on-5th-june-2020">To Leave or Not to Leave? Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and Their Journeys Home (released on 5th June, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#39unlocking-the-urban-reimagining-migrant-lives-in-cities-post-covid-1939-released-on-1st-may-2020">&#39;Unlocking the Urban: Reimagining Migrant Lives in Cities Post-COVID 19&#39; (released on 1st May, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=11#21-days-and-counting-covid-19-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-the-inadequacy-of-welfare-measures-in-india-released-on-14-april-2020">21 Days and Counting: COVID-19 Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and the Inadequacy of Welfare Measures in India (released on 14 April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=12#first-round-of-delhi-national-capital-region-coronavirus-telephone-survey-conducted-by-ncaer-released-on-12th-april-2020">First Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by NCAER (released on 12th April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=13#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-a-rapid-assessment-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-lockdown-on-internal-migrant-workers-recommendations-for-the-state-industry-philanthropies-released-in-april-2020">Voices of the Invisible Citizens: A Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Internal Migrant Workers -- Recommendations for the State, Industry &amp; Philanthropies (released in April 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#human-cost-of-sugar-living-and-workiing-conditions-of-migrant-cane-cutters-in-maharashtra-released-in-february-2020">Human Cost of Sugar: Living and Workiing Conditions of Migrant Cane-cutters in Maharashtra (released in February 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#interstate-migrants-policy-index-impex-2019">Interstate Migrants Policy Index (IMPEX) 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-working-group-on-migration-released-in-january-2017">Report of the Working Group on Migration (released in January 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#economic-survey-2016-17-released-in-january-2017">Economic Survey 2016-17 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=16#concept-note-prepared-for-the-national-seminar-entitled-39contesting-spaces-negotiating-development-a-dialogue-on-domestic-migrants-state-and-inclusive-citizenship-in-indiarsquo-25-26-march-2016">Concept Note prepared for the national seminar entitled: &#39;Contesting Spaces &amp; Negotiating Development: A Dialogue on Domestic Migrants, State and Inclusive Citizenship in India&rsquo; (25-26 March 2016)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=17#social-inclusion-of-internal-migrants-in-india-2013">Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=18#migration-and-gender-in-india-by-indrani-mazumdar-n-neetha-and-indu-agnihotri">Migration and Gender in India by Indrani Mazumdar, N Neetha and Indu Agnihotri</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#migration-in-india-2007-08-national-sample-survey">Migration in India, 2007-08, National Sample Survey</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#managing-the-exodus-grounding-migration-in-india">Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#internal-displacement-global-overview-of-trends-and-developments-in-2009">Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#11supthsup-five-year-plan-planning-commission">11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#in-the-name-of-national-pride-2009">In the Name of National Pride (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The economic crisis induced by COVID-19 could be long, deep, and pervasive when viewed through a migration lens. Lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing have brought global economic activities to a near standstill.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Host countries face additional challenges in many sectors, such as health and agriculture, that depend on the availability of migrant workers. Migrants face the risk of contagion and also the possible loss of employment, wages, and health insurance coverage.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Migration and Development Brief entitled &#39;<a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens</a>&#39; provides a prognosis of how these events might affect global trends in international economic migration and remittances in 2020 and 2021. Considering that migrants tend to be concentrated in urban economic centers (cities), and are vulnerable to infection by the coronavirus, there is a need to include migrants in efforts to fight thecoronavirus. Migrant remittances provide an economic lifeline to poor households in many countries; a reduction in remittance flows could increase poverty and reduce households&rsquo; access to muchneeded health services. The crisis could exacerbate xenophobic, discriminatory treatment of migrants, which calls for greater vigilance against such practices.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The policy brief is largely focused on international migrants, but governments should not ignore the plight of internal migrants. The magnitude of internal migration is about two-and-a-half times that of international migration. Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programs, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the policy brief entitled <a name="covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>, Migration and Development Brief no. 32, Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD), which is supported by the World Bank, European Commission, Germany&rsquo;s Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Remittances to India are projected to fall by about 23 percent to reach $64 billion in 2020 from $83 billion in 2019. Remittances grew by 5.5 percent in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As the early phases of the crisis unfolded, many international migrants, especially from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, returned to countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh &ndash; until travel restrictions halted these flows.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of recorded, primarily low-skilled emigrants from India rose in 2019 relative to the prior year but is expected to decline in 2020 due to the pandemic and oil price declines impacting the GCC countries. In India, the number of low-skilled emigrants seeking mandatory clearance for emigration rose slightly by 8 percent to 3,68,048 in 2019 (Ministry of External Affairs, India).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The lockdown in India has impacted the livelihoods of a large proportion of the country&rsquo;s nearly 40 million internal migrants. Around 50,000&ndash;60,000 moved from urban centers to rural areas of origin in the span of a few days. The government set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to these migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of internal migrants is about two-and-a-half times that of international migrants. China and India each have over 100 million internal migrants. For the poorer sections of the population, especially from underdeveloped rural areas, migration to urban economic centers provides an escape from poverty and unemployment. Remittances from these migrants, typically smaller amounts than those from international migrants, serve as a lifeline and insurance for families left behind.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programmes, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Migrant workers tend to be vulnerable to the loss of employment and wages during an economic crisis in their host country, more so than native-born workers. Lockdowns in labor camps and dormitories can also increase the risk of contagion among migrant workers. Many migrants have been stranded due to the suspension of transport services.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Although the use of digital payment instruments for sending remittances is increasing, poorer and irregular migrants often lack access to online services. They require the origination and distribution of funds through banks, payment cards, or mobile money. Online transactions (like cash-based services) require remittance service providers to exercise vigilance against fraud and financial crime, to comply with anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regulations. However, such due diligence has become difficult amid staff shortages.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The COVID-19 outbreak has placed many internal migrant workers in dire conditions, many losing their (mostly informal) jobs and unable to return home due to disruption to public transport services and movement restrictions. This is the reality for most migrant workers, especially those working in the informal sector and living in overcrowded slums.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Remittances%20to%20India%202019.jpg" style="height:459px; width:814px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In India, the government has now set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to stranded migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin. Some countries are providing cash support to affected and vulnerable groups with a specific allocation for internal migrants and returned migrant workers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled <a name="borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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        Migration    </title>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..."/>
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KEY TRENDS&nbsp;


&bull; The&nbsp;new&nbsp;Cohort-based&nbsp;Migration&nbsp;Metric (CMM)&nbsp;shows that&nbsp;inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6.5 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district&nbsp;migration as high as 80 million @*

&bull; The first-ever estimates of internal work-related migration..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Migration</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=2#global-trends-forced-displacement-in-2021-released-in-june-2022">Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021 (released in June 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=3#migration-in-india-july-2020-june-2021-released-on-june-14-2022">Migration in India July 2020-June 2021 (released on June 14, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=4#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-ii-one-year-of-covid-19-are-we-seeing-shifts-in-internal-migration-patterns-in-india-released-on-25th-june-2021">Voices of the Invisible Citizens II: One year of COVID-19 -- Are we seeing shifts in internal migration patterns in India? (released on 25th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#no-country-for-workers-the-covid-19-second-wave-local-lockdowns-and-migrant-worker-distress-in-india-released-on-16th-june-2021">No Country for Workers: The COVID-19 Second Wave, Local Lockdowns and Migrant Worker Distress in India (released on 16th June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-5th-may-2021">Press release by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 5th May, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=6#covid-19-emergence-spread-and-its-impact-on-the-indian-economy-and-migrant-workers-released-in-april-2021">COVID-19: Emergence, Spread and Its Impact on the Indian Economy and Migrant Workers (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=7#understanding-the-effect-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-migrant-construction-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Understanding the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Migrant Construction Workers in India (released in December 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#road-map-for-developing-a-policy-framework-for-the-inclusion-of-internal-migrant-workers-in-india-released-in-december-2020">Road map for developing a policy framework for the inclusion of internal migrant workers in India (released in December, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#citizens-and-the-sovereign-stories-from-the-largest-human-exodus-in-contemporary-indian-history-released-in-november-2020">Citizens and the Sovereign: Stories from the Largest Human Exodus in Contemporary Indian History (released in November 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#survey-on-migrant-workers-a-study-on-their-livelihood-after-reverse-migration-due-to-lockdown-released-in-october-2020">Survey on Migrant Workers: A Study on their Livelihood after Reverse Migration due to Lockdown (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#response-by-stranded-workers-action-network-swan-dated-15th-september-2020">Response by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 15th September, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#after-the-long-marches-what-do-workers-want-released-on-31st-august-2020">After the long marches: What do workers want? (released on 31st August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=8#garment-workers-in-indiarsquos-lockdown-semi-starvation-and-de-humanisation-lead-to-exodus-released-in-june-2020">Garment Workers in India&rsquo;s Lockdown Semi-Starvation and De-humanisation Lead to Exodus (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#to-leave-or-not-to-leave-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-their-journeys-home-released-on-5th-june-2020">To Leave or Not to Leave? Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and Their Journeys Home (released on 5th June, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=9#39unlocking-the-urban-reimagining-migrant-lives-in-cities-post-covid-1939-released-on-1st-may-2020">&#39;Unlocking the Urban: Reimagining Migrant Lives in Cities Post-COVID 19&#39; (released on 1st May, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=10#borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=11#21-days-and-counting-covid-19-lockdown-migrant-workers-and-the-inadequacy-of-welfare-measures-in-india-released-on-14-april-2020">21 Days and Counting: COVID-19 Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and the Inadequacy of Welfare Measures in India (released on 14 April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=12#first-round-of-delhi-national-capital-region-coronavirus-telephone-survey-conducted-by-ncaer-released-on-12th-april-2020">First Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by NCAER (released on 12th April, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=13#voices-of-the-invisible-citizens-a-rapid-assessment-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-lockdown-on-internal-migrant-workers-recommendations-for-the-state-industry-philanthropies-released-in-april-2020">Voices of the Invisible Citizens: A Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Internal Migrant Workers -- Recommendations for the State, Industry &amp; Philanthropies (released in April 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#human-cost-of-sugar-living-and-workiing-conditions-of-migrant-cane-cutters-in-maharashtra-released-in-february-2020">Human Cost of Sugar: Living and Workiing Conditions of Migrant Cane-cutters in Maharashtra (released in February 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=14#interstate-migrants-policy-index-impex-2019">Interstate Migrants Policy Index (IMPEX) 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-working-group-on-migration-released-in-january-2017">Report of the Working Group on Migration (released in January 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=15#economic-survey-2016-17-released-in-january-2017">Economic Survey 2016-17 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=16#concept-note-prepared-for-the-national-seminar-entitled-39contesting-spaces-negotiating-development-a-dialogue-on-domestic-migrants-state-and-inclusive-citizenship-in-indiarsquo-25-26-march-2016">Concept Note prepared for the national seminar entitled: &#39;Contesting Spaces &amp; Negotiating Development: A Dialogue on Domestic Migrants, State and Inclusive Citizenship in India&rsquo; (25-26 March 2016)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=17#social-inclusion-of-internal-migrants-in-india-2013">Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India (2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=18#migration-and-gender-in-india-by-indrani-mazumdar-n-neetha-and-indu-agnihotri">Migration and Gender in India by Indrani Mazumdar, N Neetha and Indu Agnihotri</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#migration-in-india-2007-08-national-sample-survey">Migration in India, 2007-08, National Sample Survey</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=19#managing-the-exodus-grounding-migration-in-india">Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#internal-displacement-global-overview-of-trends-and-developments-in-2009">Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#11supthsup-five-year-plan-planning-commission">11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html?pgno=20#in-the-name-of-national-pride-2009">In the Name of National Pride (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The economic crisis induced by COVID-19 could be long, deep, and pervasive when viewed through a migration lens. Lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing have brought global economic activities to a near standstill.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Host countries face additional challenges in many sectors, such as health and agriculture, that depend on the availability of migrant workers. Migrants face the risk of contagion and also the possible loss of employment, wages, and health insurance coverage.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Migration and Development Brief entitled &#39;<a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens%281%29.pdf">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens</a>&#39; provides a prognosis of how these events might affect global trends in international economic migration and remittances in 2020 and 2021. Considering that migrants tend to be concentrated in urban economic centers (cities), and are vulnerable to infection by the coronavirus, there is a need to include migrants in efforts to fight thecoronavirus. Migrant remittances provide an economic lifeline to poor households in many countries; a reduction in remittance flows could increase poverty and reduce households&rsquo; access to muchneeded health services. The crisis could exacerbate xenophobic, discriminatory treatment of migrants, which calls for greater vigilance against such practices.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The policy brief is largely focused on international migrants, but governments should not ignore the plight of internal migrants. The magnitude of internal migration is about two-and-a-half times that of international migration. Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programs, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key findings of the policy brief entitled <a name="covid-19-crisis-through-a-migration-lens-released-on-22nd-april-2020">COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020)</a>, Migration and Development Brief no. 32, Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD), which is supported by the World Bank, European Commission, Germany&rsquo;s Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf" title="/upload/files/COVID-19-Crisis-Through-a-Migration-Lens.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Remittances to India are projected to fall by about 23 percent to reach $64 billion in 2020 from $83 billion in 2019. Remittances grew by 5.5 percent in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As the early phases of the crisis unfolded, many international migrants, especially from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, returned to countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh &ndash; until travel restrictions halted these flows.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of recorded, primarily low-skilled emigrants from India rose in 2019 relative to the prior year but is expected to decline in 2020 due to the pandemic and oil price declines impacting the GCC countries. In India, the number of low-skilled emigrants seeking mandatory clearance for emigration rose slightly by 8 percent to 3,68,048 in 2019 (Ministry of External Affairs, India).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The lockdown in India has impacted the livelihoods of a large proportion of the country&rsquo;s nearly 40 million internal migrants. Around 50,000&ndash;60,000 moved from urban centers to rural areas of origin in the span of a few days. The government set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to these migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The number of internal migrants is about two-and-a-half times that of international migrants. China and India each have over 100 million internal migrants. For the poorer sections of the population, especially from underdeveloped rural areas, migration to urban economic centers provides an escape from poverty and unemployment. Remittances from these migrants, typically smaller amounts than those from international migrants, serve as a lifeline and insurance for families left behind.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programmes, and protecting them from discrimination.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Migrant workers tend to be vulnerable to the loss of employment and wages during an economic crisis in their host country, more so than native-born workers. Lockdowns in labor camps and dormitories can also increase the risk of contagion among migrant workers. Many migrants have been stranded due to the suspension of transport services.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Although the use of digital payment instruments for sending remittances is increasing, poorer and irregular migrants often lack access to online services. They require the origination and distribution of funds through banks, payment cards, or mobile money. Online transactions (like cash-based services) require remittance service providers to exercise vigilance against fraud and financial crime, to comply with anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regulations. However, such due diligence has become difficult amid staff shortages.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The COVID-19 outbreak has placed many internal migrant workers in dire conditions, many losing their (mostly informal) jobs and unable to return home due to disruption to public transport services and movement restrictions. This is the reality for most migrant workers, especially those working in the informal sector and living in overcrowded slums.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Remittances%20to%20India%202019.jpg" style="height:459px; width:814px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In India, the government has now set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to stranded migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin. Some countries are providing cash support to affected and vulnerable groups with a specific allocation for internal migrants and returned migrant workers.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled <a name="borders-of-an-epidemic-covid-19-and-migrant-workers-edited-by-prof-ranabir-samaddar-mahanirban-calcutta-research-group-2020">Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Home हिन्दी

Migration

What's Inside Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021 (released in June 2022) Migration in India July 2020-June 2021 (released on June 14, 2022) Voices of the Invisible Citizens II: One year of COVID-19 -- Are we seeing shifts in internal migration patterns in India? (released on 25th June, 2021) No Country for Workers: The COVID-19 Second Wave, Local Lockdowns and Migrant Worker Distress in India (released on 16th June, 2021) Press release by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 5th May, 2021 COVID-19: Emergence, Spread and Its Impact on the Indian Economy and Migrant Workers (released in April 2021) Understanding the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Migrant Construction Workers in India (released in December 2020) Road map for developing a policy framework for the inclusion of internal migrant workers in India (released in December, 2020) Citizens and the Sovereign: Stories from the Largest Human Exodus in Contemporary Indian History (released in November 2020) Survey on Migrant Workers: A Study on their Livelihood after Reverse Migration due to Lockdown (released in October 2020) More Response by Stranded Workers Action Network (SWAN) dated 15th September, 2020 After the long marches: What do workers want? (released on 31st August, 2020) Garment Workers in India’s Lockdown Semi-Starvation and De-humanisation Lead to Exodus (released in June 2020) To Leave or Not to Leave? Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and Their Journeys Home (released on 5th June, 2020) 'Unlocking the Urban: Reimagining Migrant Lives in Cities Post-COVID 19' (released on 1st May, 2020) COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020) Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020 21 Days and Counting: COVID-19 Lockdown, Migrant Workers, and the Inadequacy of Welfare Measures in India (released on 14 April, 2020) First Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by NCAER (released on 12th April, 2020) Voices of the Invisible Citizens: A Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Internal Migrant Workers -- Recommendations for the State, Industry & Philanthropies (released in April 2020) Human Cost of Sugar: Living and Workiing Conditions of Migrant Cane-cutters in Maharashtra (released in February 2020) Interstate Migrants Policy Index (IMPEX) 2019 Report of the Working Group on Migration (released in January 2017) Economic Survey 2016-17 (released in January, 2017) Concept Note prepared for the national seminar entitled: 'Contesting Spaces & Negotiating Development: A Dialogue on Domestic Migrants, State and Inclusive Citizenship in India’ (25-26 March 2016) Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India (2013) Migration and Gender in India by Indrani Mazumdar, N Neetha and Indu Agnihotri Migration in India, 2007-08, National Sample Survey Managing the Exodus: Grounding Migration in India Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2009 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007) Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India In the Name of National Pride (2009) Less The economic crisis induced by COVID-19 could be long, deep, and pervasive when viewed through a migration lens. Lockdowns, travel bans, and social distancing have brought global economic activities to a near standstill. Host countries face additional challenges in many sectors, such as health and agriculture, that depend on the availability of migrant workers. Migrants face the risk of contagion and also the possible loss of employment, wages, and health insurance coverage. The Migration and Development Brief entitled 'COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens' provides a prognosis of how these events might affect global trends in international economic migration and remittances in 2020 and 2021. Considering that migrants tend to be concentrated in urban economic centers (cities), and are vulnerable to infection by the coronavirus, there is a need to include migrants in efforts to fight thecoronavirus. Migrant remittances provide an economic lifeline to poor households in many countries; a reduction in remittance flows could increase poverty and reduce households’ access to muchneeded health services. The crisis could exacerbate xenophobic, discriminatory treatment of migrants, which calls for greater vigilance against such practices. The policy brief is largely focused on international migrants, but governments should not ignore the plight of internal migrants. The magnitude of internal migration is about two-and-a-half times that of international migration. Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programs, and protecting them from discrimination. The key findings of the policy brief entitled COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens (released on 22nd April, 2020), Migration and Development Brief no. 32, Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD), which is supported by the World Bank, European Commission, Germany’s Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), are as follows (please click here to access): • Remittances to India are projected to fall by about 23 percent to reach $64 billion in 2020 from $83 billion in 2019. Remittances grew by 5.5 percent in 2019. • As the early phases of the crisis unfolded, many international migrants, especially from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, returned to countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh – until travel restrictions halted these flows. • The number of recorded, primarily low-skilled emigrants from India rose in 2019 relative to the prior year but is expected to decline in 2020 due to the pandemic and oil price declines impacting the GCC countries. In India, the number of low-skilled emigrants seeking mandatory clearance for emigration rose slightly by 8 percent to 3,68,048 in 2019 (Ministry of External Affairs, India). • The lockdown in India has impacted the livelihoods of a large proportion of the country’s nearly 40 million internal migrants. Around 50,000–60,000 moved from urban centers to rural areas of origin in the span of a few days. The government set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to these migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin. • The number of internal migrants is about two-and-a-half times that of international migrants. China and India each have over 100 million internal migrants. For the poorer sections of the population, especially from underdeveloped rural areas, migration to urban economic centers provides an escape from poverty and unemployment. Remittances from these migrants, typically smaller amounts than those from international migrants, serve as a lifeline and insurance for families left behind. • Lockdowns, loss of employment, and social distancing prompted a chaotic and painful process of mass return for internal migrants in India and many countries in Latin America. Thus, the COVID-19 containment measures might have contributed to spreading the epidemic. Governments need to address the challenges facing internal migrants by including them in health services and cash transfer and other social programmes, and protecting them from discrimination. • Migrant workers tend to be vulnerable to the loss of employment and wages during an economic crisis in their host country, more so than native-born workers. Lockdowns in labor camps and dormitories can also increase the risk of contagion among migrant workers. Many migrants have been stranded due to the suspension of transport services. • Although the use of digital payment instruments for sending remittances is increasing, poorer and irregular migrants often lack access to online services. They require the origination and distribution of funds through banks, payment cards, or mobile money. Online transactions (like cash-based services) require remittance service providers to exercise vigilance against fraud and financial crime, to comply with anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regulations. However, such due diligence has become difficult amid staff shortages. • The COVID-19 outbreak has placed many internal migrant workers in dire conditions, many losing their (mostly informal) jobs and unable to return home due to disruption to public transport services and movement restrictions. This is the reality for most migrant workers, especially those working in the informal sector and living in overcrowded slums. • In India, the government has now set up camps with basic provisions to provide shelter to stranded migrants in cities and districts of destination, transit, and origin. Some countries are providing cash support to affected and vulnerable groups with a specific allocation for internal migrants and returned migrant workers. --- Please click here to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020. « previous1234567891011121314151617181920next »

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