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Hunger / HDI | Hunger Overview
Hunger Overview

Hunger Overview

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What's Inside

Kindly click here, here and here to access the main findings of the IPES-Food special report Another Perfect Storm? (released in May, 2022). The report blames fundamental flaws in global food systems -- such as heavy reliance on food imports and excessive commodity speculation -- for escalating food insecurity sparked by the Ukraine invasion. These flaws were exposed, but not corrected, after previous food price spikes in 2007-08.

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The key findings of the report titled 2021 Global Hunger Index -- Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings (released in October, 2021), produced by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide jointly, are as follows (please click here and here to access):

• In 2021, India ranks 101st among 116 countries in terms of the Global Hunger Index (GHI).

• GHI score for India was 38.8 in 2000, 37.4 in 2006, 28.8 in 2012, and 27.5 in 2021. India's GHI score of 27.5 in 2021 falls in the serious range of the GHI Severity Scale.

• Since 2000, India has made substantial progress, but there are still areas of concern, particularly regarding child nutrition. India’s GHI score has decreased from a 2000 GHI score of 38.8 points—considered alarming—to a 2021 GHI score of 27.5—considered serious. The proportion of undernourished in the population and the under-five child mortality rate are now at relatively low levels. While child stunting has seen a significant decrease—from 54.2 percent in 1998–1999 to 34.7 percent in 2016–2018—it is still considered very high. At 17.3 percent—according to the latest data—India has the highest child wasting rate of all countries covered in the GHI. This rate is slightly higher than it was in 1998–1999 when it was 17.1 percent.

• It is important to note that anything that happened in 2021 is not yet reflected in the latest prevalence of undernourishment data, which covers 2018-2020. The full effects of the Covid-19 pandemic will likely only be reflected in the values for all four GHI indicators in the coming years.

• The GHI is not a tool designed to assess and reflect individual measures taken by governments. The 2021 Global Hunger Index assesses the hunger situation on a global and regional level as well as the situation in 135 countries, of which 116 had sufficient data to calculate 2021 GHI scores. The GHI is a measure of development of outcomes in the domain of hunger. It is important to differentiate between policy interventions and their outcomes, so that effectiveness of government programmes and other interventions in improving outcomes can be evaluated.

• Neighbouring countries such as China (GHI score < 5.0; GHI rank: Collectively ranked 1–18 out of 116 countries), Sri Lanka (GHI score: 16.0; GHI rank: 65), Myanmar (GHI score: 17.5; GHI rank: 71), Nepal (GHI score: 19.1; GHI rank: 76), Bangladesh (GHI score: 19.1; GHI rank: 76), and Pakistan (GHI score: 24.7; GHI rank: 92) have outperformed India (GHI score: 27.5; GHI rank: 101 out of 116 countries).

• For the 2021 GHI report, data were assessed for 135 countries. Of these, there were sufficient data to calculate 2021 GHI scores for and rank 116 countries (by way of comparison, 107 countries were ranked in the 2020 report).

• The 18 countries (including China) with 2021 GHI scores of less than 5 are not assigned individual ranks, but rather are collectively ranked 1–18. Differences between their scores are minimal.

• Countries that have identical 2021 scores are given the same ranking (for example, Nepal and Bangladesh are both ranked 76). 

• The proportion of undernourished in the population for India was 18.4 percent during 2000-2002, 19.6 percent during 2005-2007, 15.0 percent during 2011-2013 and 15.3 percent during 2018-2020.

• The proportion of children under the age of five who are wasted (i.e., too thin for height) for India was 17.1 percent during 1998-2002, 20.0 percent during 2004-2008, 15.1 percent during 2010-2014 and 17.3 percent during 2016-2020.

• In 10 countries, the public health significance of child wasting rates is considered “high” (10–<15 percent) or “very high” (≥15 percent) (de Onis et al. 2019): India (17.3 percent), Djibouti (15.7 percent), Sri Lanka (15.1 percent), Yemen (15.1 percent), Somalia (13.1 percent), Chad (13.0 percent), Sudan (12.6 percent), Nepal (12.0 percent), Mauritania (11.5 percent), and Timor-Leste (11.5 percent). 

• The proportion of children under the age of five who are stunted (i.e., too short for age) for India was 54.2 percent during 1998-2002, 47.8 percent during 2004-2008, 38.7 percent during 2010-2014 and 34.7 percent during 2016-2020.

• The under-five mortality rate for India was 9.2 percent in 2000, 7.1 percent in 2006, 5.2 percent in 2012 and 3.4 percent in 2019.

• Kindly note that the data for GHI scores, child stunting, and child wasting are from 1998–2002 (2000), 2004–2008 (2006), 2010–2014 (2012), and 2016–2020 (2021). Data for undernourishment are from 2000–2002 (2000), 2005–2007 (2006), 2011–2013 (2012), and 2018–2020 (2021). Data for child mortality are from 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2019 (2021).

• The GHI score of a country is based on four indicators i.e.,

- Undernourishment: the share of the population that is undernourished (that is, whose caloric intake is insufficient);
- Child Wasting: the share of children under the age of five who are wasted (that is, who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition);
- Child Stunting: the share of children under the age of five who are stunted (that is, who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition); and
- Child Mortality: the mortality rate of children under the age of five (in part, a reflection of the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments).

Please click here to access the formula for the calculation of the GHI scores. 

• Each of the four component indicators (discussed above) is given a standardized score on a 100-point scale based on the highest observed level for the indicator on a global scale in recent decades.

• Standardized scores are aggregated to calculate the GHI score for each country. Undernourishment and child mortality each contribute one-third of the GHI score, while the child undernutrition indicators—child wasting and child stunting—each contribute one-sixth of the score. In the case of GHI, 0 is the best score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst.

• GHI scores are comparable within each year’s report, but not between different years’ reports. The current and historical data on which the GHI scores are based are continually being revised and improved by the United Nations agencies that compile them, and each year’s GHI report reflects these changes. Comparing scores between reports may create the impression that hunger has changed positively or negatively in a specific country from year to year, whereas in some cases the change may be partly or fully a reflection of a data revision.

• Like the GHI scores and indicator values, the rankings from one year’s report cannot be compared to those from another. In addition to the data and methodology revisions described previously, different countries are included in the ranking every year. This is due in part to data availability—the set of countries for which sufficient data are available to calculate GHI scores varies from year to year. If a country’s ranking changes from one year to the next, it may be in part because it is being compared with a different group of countries. Furthermore, the ranking system was changed in 2016 to include all of the countries in the report rather than just those with a GHI score of 5 or above. This added many countries with low scores to the ranking that had not been previously included.

• To track a country’s GHI performance over time, each report includes GHI scores and indicator data for three reference years. In the 2021 report, India’s GHI scores can be directly compared with its GHI scores for 2000, 2006, and 2012.
 
• For India’s 2021 GHI score, data on the four component indicators came from various sources. As said earlier, each of the indicator values is standardized and weighted. The standardized scores are aggregated to calculate the GHI score for each country.  

• Undernourishment values are from the 2021 edition of the FAO Food Security Indicators (published July 12, 2021, accessed July 12, 2021). The FAO's telephone-based indicator that includes information from a poll taken by Gallup – the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) – is NOT used in the GHI. The GHI uses the prevalence of undernourishment indicator, which is assessed by FAO using Food Balance Sheet data from each country. It measures the proportion of the population with inadequate access to calories and is based on data regarding the food supply in the country.

• Child stunting and wasting data are from the 2021 edition of UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (published April 2021, accessed May 24, 2021), including data from India’s Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016–2018 (CNNS) National Report (published 2019). Child wasting refers to the share of children under the age of five who are wasted (that is, who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition). Child Stunting refers to the share of children under the age of five who are stunted (that is, who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition).

• Under-five mortality rates are taken from the 2020 edition of the UN IGME (Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation) Child Mortality Estimates (published September 9, 2020, accessed May 24, 2021). Given the wide range in quality and availability of child mortality data at the country level, it is necessary and prudent for the GHI to use the data from UN IGME for all countries to ensure the values have been properly vetted.

• FAO produces an entire suite of indicators on food security. Of these, two are most important and recognised globally as indicators to monitor progress of SDG Target 2.1. These are: 1) Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU), which is an estimate of the proportion of population whose habitual dietary intake is less than the minimum dietary energy requirement that is required for normal, active and healthy living, and 2) Prevalence of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity (PMSFI), which is based on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) and estimates the proportion of population that faces constrained access to food of adequate quality and quantity.

• Of these two indicators published by FAO, GHI uses only PoU, which is a measure of proportion of population facing chronic deficiency of dietary energy intake. Prevalence of Undernourishment takes into account average per capita availability of food supply as obtained through carefully constructed food balance sheets. Food balance sheets are primarily based on data officially reported by the member countries including India. PoU also takes into account distribution of calorie intake in the population (as estimated through official consumption surveys conducted by governments including India), as well as calorie requirement of the population (based on data on age distribution for men and women, distribution of heights and other key determinants of dietary energy requirements). All data compiled by FAO – including data officially reported by the member countries, data available from other public sources, and estimates made by FAO – are made public by FAO with detailed documentation of how these are obtained. The GHI does not use Prevalence of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity (PMSFI), which is based on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) and estimates the proportion of population that faces constrained access to food of adequate quality and quantity.

• Further details on the PoU methodology can be found in Annex 1B (p.158) of FAO’s State of Food Insecurity and Nutrition in the World and on the FAO webpage. 

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Kindly click here to access the Statement of Ministry of Women and Child Development on Global Hunger Report 2021 dated 15th October, 2021.

Rural Expert
 

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