Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
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Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        Hunger / HDI | Malnutrition    </title>
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&bull; According&nbsp;to The State of the&nbsp;World&#39;s&nbsp;Children 2019&nbsp;report, the proportion of children under 5 years who are either stunted, wasted or overweight was 54 percent for India in 2015, 49 percent for Afganistan, 46 percent for Bangladesh in 2014, 43..."/>
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&bull; According&nbsp;to The State of the&nbsp;World&#39;s&nbsp;Children 2019&nbsp;report, the proportion of children under 5 years who are either stunted, wasted or overweight was 54 percent for India in 2015, 49 percent for Afganistan, 46 percent for Bangladesh in 2014, 43..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#nutrients-requirements-for-indians-recommended-dietary-allowances-and-estimated-average-requirement-released-in-september-2020">Nutrients Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirement (released in September 2020)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-the-world39s-children-2019-children-food-and-nutrition-growing-well-in-a-changing-world-released-in-october-2019">The State of the World&#39;s Children 2019-Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing world (released in October, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=3#india-comprehensive-national-nutrition-survey-2016-2018-released-in-october-2019">India: Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-2018 (released in October 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=4#food-and-nutrition-security-analysis-india-2019-released-in-june-2019">Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019 (released in June 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=5#global-nutrition-report-2018">Global Nutrition Report 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=6#urban-hungama-report-nutrition-and-the-city-released-in-february-2018">Urban HUNGaMA Report: Nutrition and the City (released in February 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=7#diet-and-nutritional-status-of-urban-population-in-india-and-prevalence-of-obesity-hypertension-diabetes-and-hyperlipidemia-in-urban-men-and-women-released-in-2017">Diet and Nutritional Status of Urban Population in India and Prevalence of Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Urban Men and Women (released in 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=8#nourishing-india-national-nutrition-strategy">Nourishing India: National Nutrition Strategy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=9#global-nutrition-report-2016">Global Nutrition Report 2016</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=10#india-health-report-nutrition-2015">India Health Report: Nutrition 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=11#2015-global-nutrition-report-actions-and-accountability-to-advance-nutrition-sustainable-development-by-ifpri-released-in-september-2015">2015 Global Nutrition Report: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition &amp; Sustainable Development by IFPRI (released in September 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#public-accounts-committee-2014-15-report-on-icds-scheme-of-ministry-of-women-child-development">Public Accounts Committee (2014-15) report on ICDS Scheme of Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#nutritional-intake-in-india-2011-12-published-in-october-2014">Nutritional Intake in India, 2011-12 (published in October 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=13#global-nutrition-report-2014">Global Nutrition Report 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#executive-summary-of-the-lancet-series-on-maternal-and-child-nutrition">Executive Summary of the Lancet series on Maternal and Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#2013-unicef-report-improving-child-nutrition">2013 UNICEF report: Improving Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=16#2012-global-hunger-index">2012 Global Hunger Index</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#the-nutrition-barometer-gauging-national-responses-to-undernutrition-2012">The Nutrition Barometer: Gauging national responses to undernutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#a-life-free-from-hunger-tackling-child-malnutrition-2012">A Life Free from Hunger: Tackling child malnutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=18#hungama-fighting-hunger-malnutrition-2011">HUNGaMA: Fighting Hunger &amp; Malnutrition (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=19#world-disaster-report-2011-focus-on-hunger-and-malnutrition">World Disaster Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#common-wealth-or-common-hunger-malnutrition-and-its-impact-on-child-survival-in-the-commonwealth-2010">Common Wealth or Common Hunger? Malnutrition and its impact on Child Survival in the Commonwealth (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#investing-in-the-future-a-united-call-to-action-on-vitamin-and-mineral-deficiencies-global-report-2009">Investing in the future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies-Global Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=21#tracking-progress-on-child-and-maternal-nutrition-a-survival-and-development-priority">Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A survival and development priority</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#nutritional-intake-in-india-2004-2005">Nutritional Intake in India: 2004-2005</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#facilitating-improved-nutrition-for-pregnant-and-lactating-women-and-children-0ndash5-years-of-age">Facilitating Improved Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating Women, and Children 0&ndash;5 Years of Age</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            </p><div style="text-align:justify">According to <a name="report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>, CAG Report no. 22 of 2012-13-Union Government (Ministry of Women and Child Development), <a href="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html" title="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html">http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Rep<br />ort/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_perfo<br />rmance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html</a>:</div><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong><em>Status of Nutrition:</em></strong><br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Supplementary Nutrition beneficiaries had been 7.06 crore in 2006-07, 8.43 crore in 2007-08, 8.73 crore in 2008-09, 8.84 crore in 2009-10, 9.59 crore in 2010-11 and 9.72 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Pre-school education beneficiaries had been 3.01 crore in 2006-07, 3.39 crore in 2007-08, 3.41 crore in 2008-09, 3.55 crore in 2009-10, 3.66 crore in 2010-11 and 3.58 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of malnourished children (Grade I, II, III and IV) exceeded the 40 percent mark in 10 states/ UTs (Andhra Pradesh: 49 percent, Bihar: 82 percent, Haryana: 43 percent, Jharkhand: 40 percent, Odisha: 50 percent, Rajasthan: 43 percent, UP: 41 percent, Delhi: 50 percent, Daman and Diu: 50 percent and Lakshadweep: 40 percent), as on 31 March, 2011.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; The number of severely malnourished children (Grade III and IV) exceeded 1 percent of total weighed children in 8 states (Bihar: 26 percent, Chhattisgarh: 2 percent, Gujarat: 5 percent, Karnataka: 3 percent, Madhya Pradesh: 2 percent, Maharashtra: 3 percent, Uttarakhand: 1 percent and West Bengal: 4 percent) as on 31 March, 2011.<br /><br />&bull; There was substantial decrease in the malnourished children in 6 states between 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2011 (Gujarat: from 71 percent to 39 percent, Karnataka: from 53 to 40 percent, Maharashtra: from 45 to 23 percent, UP: from 53 to 41 percent, Uttarakhand: 46 to 25 percent and West Bengal: 53 to 37 percent.<br /><br />&bull; North-eastern states fared better in respect of the nutritional status of children, where percentage of normal children was satisfactory vis-a-vis the total weighed children as on 31 March 2011 (Arunachal Pradesh: 98 percent, Assam: 69 percent, Manipur: 86 percent, Meghalaya: 71 percent, Mizoran: 77 percent, Nagaland: 92 percent, Sikkim: 89 percent and Tripura: 63 percent).<br /><br />&bull; In 5 other states/ UTs the percentage of normal children exceeded 70 percent as of 31 March 2011, viz. MP: 72 percent, Maharashtra: 77 percent, Uttarakhand: 75 percent, A &amp; N Islands: 82 percent and Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli: 75 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /><strong><em>Key findings: </em></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The CAG chose to audit the ICDS since India&#39;s status on key child development and health indicators did not compare well with its own targets as well as with the neighbouring and other regions. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was 48 per 1000 live birth and the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 63 per 1000 live birth in 2010 as against the targets of 30 and 31 respectively. These indicators (IMR and CMR) for the neighbouring countries were: China (IMR: 16, CMR: 18) and Sri Lanka (IMR: 14, CMR: 17). In industrialized countries, the IMR and CMR were as low as 5 and 6 respectively.<br /><br />&bull; The performance audit covered 2730 of the test checked Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) from 273 project offices of 67 districts from 13 states (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 on 3 services viz. supplementary nutrition, pre-school education and nutrition and health education under scheme. The selection of the states was made on the basis of population, funding and nutrition indicators as per the NFHS-3, 2005.<br /><br />&bull; To universalize the ICDS, Hon&#39;ble Supreme Court had directed the Central and state Governments to operationalize 14 lakh AWCs by December, 2008. The Ministry sanctioned 13.71 lakh AWCs and could operationalize 13.17 lakh. This left a shortfall of 0.54 lakh. Similarly, out of 7075 sanctioned ICDS projects, 7005 projects were operationalized.<br /><br />&bull; 61 percent of the test-checked AWCs did not have their own buildings and 25 percent were functioning from semi-pucca/ kachcha buildings or open/ partially covered space. Separate space for cooking, storing food items and indoor and outdoor activities for children was not available in 40 to 65 percent of the test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Poor hygiene and sanitation were noticed in the AWCs due to the absence of toilets in 52 percent of the test checked AWCs and non-availability of drinking water facility for 32 percent of the test checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Functional weighing machines for babies and adults were not available in 26 and 58 percent, respectively, of the test-checked AWCs. The essential utensils required for providing supplementary nutrition to the beneficiaries were also not available in several test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Medicine kits were not available in 33 to 49 percent of the test checked AWCs due to failure of the state governments in spending the funds released to them by the Centre.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; 53 percent of the test checked AWCs did not receive annual flexi-fund of Rs. 1000 from the state governments during the period 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; There were shortages of staff and key functionaries at all levels.<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall under various categories of training ranged from 19 to 58 percent of the targets fixed under the State Training Action Plan (STRAP).<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall in expenditure on Supplementary Nutrition (SN) ranged between 15 percent and 36 percent of the requirements during the period 2006-2011. The average daily expenditure per beneficiary on SN was Rs. 1.52 to Rs. 2.01 against the norm of Rs. 2.06 during 2006-09 and Rs. 3.08 to Rs. 3.64 against the norm of Rs. 4.21 during 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; 33 to 47 percent children were not weighed for monitoring their growth during 2006-07 to 2010-11. The data on nutritional status of children had discrepancies and were not based on WHO&#39;s growth standards.<br /><br />&bull; There was a gap of 33 to 45 percent between the number of eligible beneficiaries identified and those receiving the SN during 2006-07 to 2010-11.<br /><br />&bull; The Wheat Based Nutrition Programme suffered from lack of proper coordination among the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the state governments. The Ministry could allocate 78 percent of foodgrains demanded by the states. The actual take-offs by the states was merely 66 percent of total demand placed by them.<br /><br />&bull; Pre-school education (PSE) kits were not available at 41 to 51 percent of the test-checked AWCs during the period 2006-11.<br /><br />&bull; In 6 of the test checked states (Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) data on beneficiaries of PSE who joined mainstream education were not available. In 5 states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Karnataka) shortfall in the number of children who actually joined the formal education during 2006-2011 ranged between 7 and 30 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; Shortfall of 40 to 100 percent was noted on the expenditure against the funds released for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) in many states.<br /><br />&bull; Against the total release of Rs. 1753 crore to 13 states during 2008-09 and 15 states during 2009-2011 for meeting the expenditure on salary of ICDS functionaries, the actual expenditure was Rs. 2853 crore indicating unrealistic budgeting and consequent diversion of funds from other critical components of the scheme.<br /><br />&bull; Rs. 57.82 crore were diverted to activities not permitted under the ICDS in 5 of the test-checked states and Rs. 70.11 crore were parked in civil deposits/ personal ledger accounts/ bank accounts / treasury resulting in blocking of funds.<br /><br />&bull; The Central Monitoring Unit (CMU) under the ICDS failed to efficiently carry out assigned tasks, which included concurrent evaluation of the scheme, monitoring through the progress reports received from the states.<br /><br />&bull; Impact assessment of the services under the SN and the PSE based on outcome indicators, such as nutritional status of the children, was not being done.<br /><br />&bull; The follow-up action on internal monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry was inadequate and resulted in recurrence of shortcomings and lapses in the scheme implementation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; According&nbsp;to The State of the&nbsp;World&#39;s&nbsp;Children 2019&nbsp;report, the proportion of children under 5 years who are either stunted, wasted or overweight was 54 percent for India in 2015, 49 percent for Afganistan, 46 percent for Bangladesh in 2014, 43..."/>
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&bull; According&nbsp;to The State of the&nbsp;World&#39;s&nbsp;Children 2019&nbsp;report, the proportion of children under 5 years who are either stunted, wasted or overweight was 54 percent for India in 2015, 49 percent for Afganistan, 46 percent for Bangladesh in 2014, 43..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Malnutrition</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#nutrients-requirements-for-indians-recommended-dietary-allowances-and-estimated-average-requirement-released-in-september-2020">Nutrients Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirement (released in September 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-the-world39s-children-2019-children-food-and-nutrition-growing-well-in-a-changing-world-released-in-october-2019">The State of the World&#39;s Children 2019-Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing world (released in October, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=3#india-comprehensive-national-nutrition-survey-2016-2018-released-in-october-2019">India: Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-2018 (released in October 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=4#food-and-nutrition-security-analysis-india-2019-released-in-june-2019">Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019 (released in June 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=5#global-nutrition-report-2018">Global Nutrition Report 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=6#urban-hungama-report-nutrition-and-the-city-released-in-february-2018">Urban HUNGaMA Report: Nutrition and the City (released in February 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=7#diet-and-nutritional-status-of-urban-population-in-india-and-prevalence-of-obesity-hypertension-diabetes-and-hyperlipidemia-in-urban-men-and-women-released-in-2017">Diet and Nutritional Status of Urban Population in India and Prevalence of Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Urban Men and Women (released in 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=8#nourishing-india-national-nutrition-strategy">Nourishing India: National Nutrition Strategy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=9#global-nutrition-report-2016">Global Nutrition Report 2016</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=10#india-health-report-nutrition-2015">India Health Report: Nutrition 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=11#2015-global-nutrition-report-actions-and-accountability-to-advance-nutrition-sustainable-development-by-ifpri-released-in-september-2015">2015 Global Nutrition Report: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition &amp; Sustainable Development by IFPRI (released in September 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#public-accounts-committee-2014-15-report-on-icds-scheme-of-ministry-of-women-child-development">Public Accounts Committee (2014-15) report on ICDS Scheme of Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#nutritional-intake-in-india-2011-12-published-in-october-2014">Nutritional Intake in India, 2011-12 (published in October 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=13#global-nutrition-report-2014">Global Nutrition Report 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#executive-summary-of-the-lancet-series-on-maternal-and-child-nutrition">Executive Summary of the Lancet series on Maternal and Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#2013-unicef-report-improving-child-nutrition">2013 UNICEF report: Improving Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=16#2012-global-hunger-index">2012 Global Hunger Index</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#the-nutrition-barometer-gauging-national-responses-to-undernutrition-2012">The Nutrition Barometer: Gauging national responses to undernutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#a-life-free-from-hunger-tackling-child-malnutrition-2012">A Life Free from Hunger: Tackling child malnutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=18#hungama-fighting-hunger-malnutrition-2011">HUNGaMA: Fighting Hunger &amp; Malnutrition (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=19#world-disaster-report-2011-focus-on-hunger-and-malnutrition">World Disaster Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#common-wealth-or-common-hunger-malnutrition-and-its-impact-on-child-survival-in-the-commonwealth-2010">Common Wealth or Common Hunger? Malnutrition and its impact on Child Survival in the Commonwealth (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#investing-in-the-future-a-united-call-to-action-on-vitamin-and-mineral-deficiencies-global-report-2009">Investing in the future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies-Global Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=21#tracking-progress-on-child-and-maternal-nutrition-a-survival-and-development-priority">Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A survival and development priority</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#nutritional-intake-in-india-2004-2005">Nutritional Intake in India: 2004-2005</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#facilitating-improved-nutrition-for-pregnant-and-lactating-women-and-children-0ndash5-years-of-age">Facilitating Improved Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating Women, and Children 0&ndash;5 Years of Age</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><div style="text-align:justify">According to <a name="report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>, CAG Report no. 22 of 2012-13-Union Government (Ministry of Women and Child Development), <a href="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html" title="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html">http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Rep<br />ort/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_perfo<br />rmance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html</a>:</div><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong><em>Status of Nutrition:</em></strong><br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Supplementary Nutrition beneficiaries had been 7.06 crore in 2006-07, 8.43 crore in 2007-08, 8.73 crore in 2008-09, 8.84 crore in 2009-10, 9.59 crore in 2010-11 and 9.72 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Pre-school education beneficiaries had been 3.01 crore in 2006-07, 3.39 crore in 2007-08, 3.41 crore in 2008-09, 3.55 crore in 2009-10, 3.66 crore in 2010-11 and 3.58 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of malnourished children (Grade I, II, III and IV) exceeded the 40 percent mark in 10 states/ UTs (Andhra Pradesh: 49 percent, Bihar: 82 percent, Haryana: 43 percent, Jharkhand: 40 percent, Odisha: 50 percent, Rajasthan: 43 percent, UP: 41 percent, Delhi: 50 percent, Daman and Diu: 50 percent and Lakshadweep: 40 percent), as on 31 March, 2011.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; The number of severely malnourished children (Grade III and IV) exceeded 1 percent of total weighed children in 8 states (Bihar: 26 percent, Chhattisgarh: 2 percent, Gujarat: 5 percent, Karnataka: 3 percent, Madhya Pradesh: 2 percent, Maharashtra: 3 percent, Uttarakhand: 1 percent and West Bengal: 4 percent) as on 31 March, 2011.<br /><br />&bull; There was substantial decrease in the malnourished children in 6 states between 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2011 (Gujarat: from 71 percent to 39 percent, Karnataka: from 53 to 40 percent, Maharashtra: from 45 to 23 percent, UP: from 53 to 41 percent, Uttarakhand: 46 to 25 percent and West Bengal: 53 to 37 percent.<br /><br />&bull; North-eastern states fared better in respect of the nutritional status of children, where percentage of normal children was satisfactory vis-a-vis the total weighed children as on 31 March 2011 (Arunachal Pradesh: 98 percent, Assam: 69 percent, Manipur: 86 percent, Meghalaya: 71 percent, Mizoran: 77 percent, Nagaland: 92 percent, Sikkim: 89 percent and Tripura: 63 percent).<br /><br />&bull; In 5 other states/ UTs the percentage of normal children exceeded 70 percent as of 31 March 2011, viz. MP: 72 percent, Maharashtra: 77 percent, Uttarakhand: 75 percent, A &amp; N Islands: 82 percent and Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli: 75 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /><strong><em>Key findings: </em></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The CAG chose to audit the ICDS since India&#39;s status on key child development and health indicators did not compare well with its own targets as well as with the neighbouring and other regions. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was 48 per 1000 live birth and the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 63 per 1000 live birth in 2010 as against the targets of 30 and 31 respectively. These indicators (IMR and CMR) for the neighbouring countries were: China (IMR: 16, CMR: 18) and Sri Lanka (IMR: 14, CMR: 17). In industrialized countries, the IMR and CMR were as low as 5 and 6 respectively.<br /><br />&bull; The performance audit covered 2730 of the test checked Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) from 273 project offices of 67 districts from 13 states (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 on 3 services viz. supplementary nutrition, pre-school education and nutrition and health education under scheme. The selection of the states was made on the basis of population, funding and nutrition indicators as per the NFHS-3, 2005.<br /><br />&bull; To universalize the ICDS, Hon&#39;ble Supreme Court had directed the Central and state Governments to operationalize 14 lakh AWCs by December, 2008. The Ministry sanctioned 13.71 lakh AWCs and could operationalize 13.17 lakh. This left a shortfall of 0.54 lakh. Similarly, out of 7075 sanctioned ICDS projects, 7005 projects were operationalized.<br /><br />&bull; 61 percent of the test-checked AWCs did not have their own buildings and 25 percent were functioning from semi-pucca/ kachcha buildings or open/ partially covered space. Separate space for cooking, storing food items and indoor and outdoor activities for children was not available in 40 to 65 percent of the test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Poor hygiene and sanitation were noticed in the AWCs due to the absence of toilets in 52 percent of the test checked AWCs and non-availability of drinking water facility for 32 percent of the test checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Functional weighing machines for babies and adults were not available in 26 and 58 percent, respectively, of the test-checked AWCs. The essential utensils required for providing supplementary nutrition to the beneficiaries were also not available in several test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Medicine kits were not available in 33 to 49 percent of the test checked AWCs due to failure of the state governments in spending the funds released to them by the Centre.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; 53 percent of the test checked AWCs did not receive annual flexi-fund of Rs. 1000 from the state governments during the period 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; There were shortages of staff and key functionaries at all levels.<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall under various categories of training ranged from 19 to 58 percent of the targets fixed under the State Training Action Plan (STRAP).<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall in expenditure on Supplementary Nutrition (SN) ranged between 15 percent and 36 percent of the requirements during the period 2006-2011. The average daily expenditure per beneficiary on SN was Rs. 1.52 to Rs. 2.01 against the norm of Rs. 2.06 during 2006-09 and Rs. 3.08 to Rs. 3.64 against the norm of Rs. 4.21 during 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; 33 to 47 percent children were not weighed for monitoring their growth during 2006-07 to 2010-11. The data on nutritional status of children had discrepancies and were not based on WHO&#39;s growth standards.<br /><br />&bull; There was a gap of 33 to 45 percent between the number of eligible beneficiaries identified and those receiving the SN during 2006-07 to 2010-11.<br /><br />&bull; The Wheat Based Nutrition Programme suffered from lack of proper coordination among the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the state governments. The Ministry could allocate 78 percent of foodgrains demanded by the states. The actual take-offs by the states was merely 66 percent of total demand placed by them.<br /><br />&bull; Pre-school education (PSE) kits were not available at 41 to 51 percent of the test-checked AWCs during the period 2006-11.<br /><br />&bull; In 6 of the test checked states (Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) data on beneficiaries of PSE who joined mainstream education were not available. In 5 states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Karnataka) shortfall in the number of children who actually joined the formal education during 2006-2011 ranged between 7 and 30 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; Shortfall of 40 to 100 percent was noted on the expenditure against the funds released for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) in many states.<br /><br />&bull; Against the total release of Rs. 1753 crore to 13 states during 2008-09 and 15 states during 2009-2011 for meeting the expenditure on salary of ICDS functionaries, the actual expenditure was Rs. 2853 crore indicating unrealistic budgeting and consequent diversion of funds from other critical components of the scheme.<br /><br />&bull; Rs. 57.82 crore were diverted to activities not permitted under the ICDS in 5 of the test-checked states and Rs. 70.11 crore were parked in civil deposits/ personal ledger accounts/ bank accounts / treasury resulting in blocking of funds.<br /><br />&bull; The Central Monitoring Unit (CMU) under the ICDS failed to efficiently carry out assigned tasks, which included concurrent evaluation of the scheme, monitoring through the progress reports received from the states.<br /><br />&bull; Impact assessment of the services under the SN and the PSE based on outcome indicators, such as nutritional status of the children, was not being done.<br /><br />&bull; The follow-up action on internal monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry was inadequate and resulted in recurrence of shortcomings and lapses in the scheme implementation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Malnutrition</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#nutrients-requirements-for-indians-recommended-dietary-allowances-and-estimated-average-requirement-released-in-september-2020">Nutrients Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirement (released in September 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-the-world39s-children-2019-children-food-and-nutrition-growing-well-in-a-changing-world-released-in-october-2019">The State of the World&#39;s Children 2019-Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing world (released in October, 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=3#india-comprehensive-national-nutrition-survey-2016-2018-released-in-october-2019">India: Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-2018 (released in October 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=4#food-and-nutrition-security-analysis-india-2019-released-in-june-2019">Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019 (released in June 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=5#global-nutrition-report-2018">Global Nutrition Report 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=6#urban-hungama-report-nutrition-and-the-city-released-in-february-2018">Urban HUNGaMA Report: Nutrition and the City (released in February 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=7#diet-and-nutritional-status-of-urban-population-in-india-and-prevalence-of-obesity-hypertension-diabetes-and-hyperlipidemia-in-urban-men-and-women-released-in-2017">Diet and Nutritional Status of Urban Population in India and Prevalence of Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Urban Men and Women (released in 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=8#nourishing-india-national-nutrition-strategy">Nourishing India: National Nutrition Strategy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=9#global-nutrition-report-2016">Global Nutrition Report 2016</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=10#india-health-report-nutrition-2015">India Health Report: Nutrition 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=11#2015-global-nutrition-report-actions-and-accountability-to-advance-nutrition-sustainable-development-by-ifpri-released-in-september-2015">2015 Global Nutrition Report: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition &amp; Sustainable Development by IFPRI (released in September 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#public-accounts-committee-2014-15-report-on-icds-scheme-of-ministry-of-women-child-development">Public Accounts Committee (2014-15) report on ICDS Scheme of Ministry of Women &amp; Child Development</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=12#nutritional-intake-in-india-2011-12-published-in-october-2014">Nutritional Intake in India, 2011-12 (published in October 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=13#global-nutrition-report-2014">Global Nutrition Report 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#executive-summary-of-the-lancet-series-on-maternal-and-child-nutrition">Executive Summary of the Lancet series on Maternal and Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=14#2013-unicef-report-improving-child-nutrition">2013 UNICEF report: Improving Child Nutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=15#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=16#2012-global-hunger-index">2012 Global Hunger Index</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#the-nutrition-barometer-gauging-national-responses-to-undernutrition-2012">The Nutrition Barometer: Gauging national responses to undernutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=17#a-life-free-from-hunger-tackling-child-malnutrition-2012">A Life Free from Hunger: Tackling child malnutrition (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=18#hungama-fighting-hunger-malnutrition-2011">HUNGaMA: Fighting Hunger &amp; Malnutrition (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=19#world-disaster-report-2011-focus-on-hunger-and-malnutrition">World Disaster Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#common-wealth-or-common-hunger-malnutrition-and-its-impact-on-child-survival-in-the-commonwealth-2010">Common Wealth or Common Hunger? Malnutrition and its impact on Child Survival in the Commonwealth (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=20#investing-in-the-future-a-united-call-to-action-on-vitamin-and-mineral-deficiencies-global-report-2009">Investing in the future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies-Global Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=21#tracking-progress-on-child-and-maternal-nutrition-a-survival-and-development-priority">Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A survival and development priority</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#nutritional-intake-in-india-2004-2005">Nutritional Intake in India: 2004-2005</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html?pgno=22#facilitating-improved-nutrition-for-pregnant-and-lactating-women-and-children-0ndash5-years-of-age">Facilitating Improved Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating Women, and Children 0&ndash;5 Years of Age</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
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                                                    <div>
                            </p><div style="text-align:justify">According to <a name="report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</a>, CAG Report no. 22 of 2012-13-Union Government (Ministry of Women and Child Development), <a href="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html" title="http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html">http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Rep<br />ort/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_perfo<br />rmance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html</a>:</div><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong><em>Status of Nutrition:</em></strong><br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Supplementary Nutrition beneficiaries had been 7.06 crore in 2006-07, 8.43 crore in 2007-08, 8.73 crore in 2008-09, 8.84 crore in 2009-10, 9.59 crore in 2010-11 and 9.72 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of ICDS Pre-school education beneficiaries had been 3.01 crore in 2006-07, 3.39 crore in 2007-08, 3.41 crore in 2008-09, 3.55 crore in 2009-10, 3.66 crore in 2010-11 and 3.58 crore in 2011-12.<br /><br />&bull; Total number of malnourished children (Grade I, II, III and IV) exceeded the 40 percent mark in 10 states/ UTs (Andhra Pradesh: 49 percent, Bihar: 82 percent, Haryana: 43 percent, Jharkhand: 40 percent, Odisha: 50 percent, Rajasthan: 43 percent, UP: 41 percent, Delhi: 50 percent, Daman and Diu: 50 percent and Lakshadweep: 40 percent), as on 31 March, 2011.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; The number of severely malnourished children (Grade III and IV) exceeded 1 percent of total weighed children in 8 states (Bihar: 26 percent, Chhattisgarh: 2 percent, Gujarat: 5 percent, Karnataka: 3 percent, Madhya Pradesh: 2 percent, Maharashtra: 3 percent, Uttarakhand: 1 percent and West Bengal: 4 percent) as on 31 March, 2011.<br /><br />&bull; There was substantial decrease in the malnourished children in 6 states between 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2011 (Gujarat: from 71 percent to 39 percent, Karnataka: from 53 to 40 percent, Maharashtra: from 45 to 23 percent, UP: from 53 to 41 percent, Uttarakhand: 46 to 25 percent and West Bengal: 53 to 37 percent.<br /><br />&bull; North-eastern states fared better in respect of the nutritional status of children, where percentage of normal children was satisfactory vis-a-vis the total weighed children as on 31 March 2011 (Arunachal Pradesh: 98 percent, Assam: 69 percent, Manipur: 86 percent, Meghalaya: 71 percent, Mizoran: 77 percent, Nagaland: 92 percent, Sikkim: 89 percent and Tripura: 63 percent).<br /><br />&bull; In 5 other states/ UTs the percentage of normal children exceeded 70 percent as of 31 March 2011, viz. MP: 72 percent, Maharashtra: 77 percent, Uttarakhand: 75 percent, A &amp; N Islands: 82 percent and Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli: 75 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /><strong><em>Key findings: </em></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The CAG chose to audit the ICDS since India&#39;s status on key child development and health indicators did not compare well with its own targets as well as with the neighbouring and other regions. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was 48 per 1000 live birth and the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 63 per 1000 live birth in 2010 as against the targets of 30 and 31 respectively. These indicators (IMR and CMR) for the neighbouring countries were: China (IMR: 16, CMR: 18) and Sri Lanka (IMR: 14, CMR: 17). In industrialized countries, the IMR and CMR were as low as 5 and 6 respectively.<br /><br />&bull; The performance audit covered 2730 of the test checked Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) from 273 project offices of 67 districts from 13 states (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 on 3 services viz. supplementary nutrition, pre-school education and nutrition and health education under scheme. The selection of the states was made on the basis of population, funding and nutrition indicators as per the NFHS-3, 2005.<br /><br />&bull; To universalize the ICDS, Hon&#39;ble Supreme Court had directed the Central and state Governments to operationalize 14 lakh AWCs by December, 2008. The Ministry sanctioned 13.71 lakh AWCs and could operationalize 13.17 lakh. This left a shortfall of 0.54 lakh. Similarly, out of 7075 sanctioned ICDS projects, 7005 projects were operationalized.<br /><br />&bull; 61 percent of the test-checked AWCs did not have their own buildings and 25 percent were functioning from semi-pucca/ kachcha buildings or open/ partially covered space. Separate space for cooking, storing food items and indoor and outdoor activities for children was not available in 40 to 65 percent of the test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Poor hygiene and sanitation were noticed in the AWCs due to the absence of toilets in 52 percent of the test checked AWCs and non-availability of drinking water facility for 32 percent of the test checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Functional weighing machines for babies and adults were not available in 26 and 58 percent, respectively, of the test-checked AWCs. The essential utensils required for providing supplementary nutrition to the beneficiaries were also not available in several test-checked AWCs.<br /><br />&bull; Medicine kits were not available in 33 to 49 percent of the test checked AWCs due to failure of the state governments in spending the funds released to them by the Centre.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; 53 percent of the test checked AWCs did not receive annual flexi-fund of Rs. 1000 from the state governments during the period 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; There were shortages of staff and key functionaries at all levels.<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall under various categories of training ranged from 19 to 58 percent of the targets fixed under the State Training Action Plan (STRAP).<br /><br />&bull; The shortfall in expenditure on Supplementary Nutrition (SN) ranged between 15 percent and 36 percent of the requirements during the period 2006-2011. The average daily expenditure per beneficiary on SN was Rs. 1.52 to Rs. 2.01 against the norm of Rs. 2.06 during 2006-09 and Rs. 3.08 to Rs. 3.64 against the norm of Rs. 4.21 during 2009-2011.<br /><br />&bull; 33 to 47 percent children were not weighed for monitoring their growth during 2006-07 to 2010-11. The data on nutritional status of children had discrepancies and were not based on WHO&#39;s growth standards.<br /><br />&bull; There was a gap of 33 to 45 percent between the number of eligible beneficiaries identified and those receiving the SN during 2006-07 to 2010-11.<br /><br />&bull; The Wheat Based Nutrition Programme suffered from lack of proper coordination among the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the state governments. The Ministry could allocate 78 percent of foodgrains demanded by the states. The actual take-offs by the states was merely 66 percent of total demand placed by them.<br /><br />&bull; Pre-school education (PSE) kits were not available at 41 to 51 percent of the test-checked AWCs during the period 2006-11.<br /><br />&bull; In 6 of the test checked states (Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) data on beneficiaries of PSE who joined mainstream education were not available. In 5 states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Karnataka) shortfall in the number of children who actually joined the formal education during 2006-2011 ranged between 7 and 30 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull; Shortfall of 40 to 100 percent was noted on the expenditure against the funds released for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) in many states.<br /><br />&bull; Against the total release of Rs. 1753 crore to 13 states during 2008-09 and 15 states during 2009-2011 for meeting the expenditure on salary of ICDS functionaries, the actual expenditure was Rs. 2853 crore indicating unrealistic budgeting and consequent diversion of funds from other critical components of the scheme.<br /><br />&bull; Rs. 57.82 crore were diverted to activities not permitted under the ICDS in 5 of the test-checked states and Rs. 70.11 crore were parked in civil deposits/ personal ledger accounts/ bank accounts / treasury resulting in blocking of funds.<br /><br />&bull; The Central Monitoring Unit (CMU) under the ICDS failed to efficiently carry out assigned tasks, which included concurrent evaluation of the scheme, monitoring through the progress reports received from the states.<br /><br />&bull; Impact assessment of the services under the SN and the PSE based on outcome indicators, such as nutritional status of the children, was not being done.<br /><br />&bull; The follow-up action on internal monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry was inadequate and resulted in recurrence of shortcomings and lapses in the scheme implementation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Malnutrition

What's Inside Nutrients Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirement (released in September 2020) The State of the World's Children 2019-Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing well in a changing world (released in October, 2019) India: Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-2018 (released in October 2019) Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019 (released in June 2019) Global Nutrition Report 2018 Urban HUNGaMA Report: Nutrition and the City (released in February 2018) Diet and Nutritional Status of Urban Population in India and Prevalence of Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Urban Men and Women (released in 2017) Nourishing India: National Nutrition Strategy Global Nutrition Report 2016 India Health Report: Nutrition 2015 More 2015 Global Nutrition Report: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition & Sustainable Development by IFPRI (released in September 2015) Public Accounts Committee (2014-15) report on ICDS Scheme of Ministry of Women & Child Development Nutritional Intake in India, 2011-12 (published in October 2014) Global Nutrition Report 2014 Executive Summary of the Lancet series on Maternal and Child Nutrition 2013 UNICEF report: Improving Child Nutrition Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme 2012 Global Hunger Index The Nutrition Barometer: Gauging national responses to undernutrition (2012) A Life Free from Hunger: Tackling child malnutrition (2012) HUNGaMA: Fighting Hunger & Malnutrition (2011) World Disaster Report 2011: Focus on Hunger and Malnutrition Common Wealth or Common Hunger? Malnutrition and its impact on Child Survival in the Commonwealth (2010) Investing in the future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies-Global Report 2009 Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A survival and development priority Nutritional Intake in India: 2004-2005 National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06) Facilitating Improved Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating Women, and Children 0–5 Years of Age Less According to Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, CAG Report no. 22 of 2012-13-Union Government (Ministry of Women and Child Development), http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Rep ort/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_perfo rmance/2012_2013/Civil/Report_22/Report_22.html: Status of Nutrition: • Total number of ICDS Supplementary Nutrition beneficiaries had been 7.06 crore in 2006-07, 8.43 crore in 2007-08, 8.73 crore in 2008-09, 8.84 crore in 2009-10, 9.59 crore in 2010-11 and 9.72 crore in 2011-12. • Total number of ICDS Pre-school education beneficiaries had been 3.01 crore in 2006-07, 3.39 crore in 2007-08, 3.41 crore in 2008-09, 3.55 crore in 2009-10, 3.66 crore in 2010-11 and 3.58 crore in 2011-12. • Total number of malnourished children (Grade I, II, III and IV) exceeded the 40 percent mark in 10 states/ UTs (Andhra Pradesh: 49 percent, Bihar: 82 percent, Haryana: 43 percent, Jharkhand: 40 percent, Odisha: 50 percent, Rajasthan: 43 percent, UP: 41 percent, Delhi: 50 percent, Daman and Diu: 50 percent and Lakshadweep: 40 percent), as on 31 March, 2011.     • The number of severely malnourished children (Grade III and IV) exceeded 1 percent of total weighed children in 8 states (Bihar: 26 percent, Chhattisgarh: 2 percent, Gujarat: 5 percent, Karnataka: 3 percent, Madhya Pradesh: 2 percent, Maharashtra: 3 percent, Uttarakhand: 1 percent and West Bengal: 4 percent) as on 31 March, 2011. • There was substantial decrease in the malnourished children in 6 states between 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2011 (Gujarat: from 71 percent to 39 percent, Karnataka: from 53 to 40 percent, Maharashtra: from 45 to 23 percent, UP: from 53 to 41 percent, Uttarakhand: 46 to 25 percent and West Bengal: 53 to 37 percent. • North-eastern states fared better in respect of the nutritional status of children, where percentage of normal children was satisfactory vis-a-vis the total weighed children as on 31 March 2011 (Arunachal Pradesh: 98 percent, Assam: 69 percent, Manipur: 86 percent, Meghalaya: 71 percent, Mizoran: 77 percent, Nagaland: 92 percent, Sikkim: 89 percent and Tripura: 63 percent). • In 5 other states/ UTs the percentage of normal children exceeded 70 percent as of 31 March 2011, viz. MP: 72 percent, Maharashtra: 77 percent, Uttarakhand: 75 percent, A & N Islands: 82 percent and Dadra & Nagar Haveli: 75 percent.      Key findings: • The CAG chose to audit the ICDS since India's status on key child development and health indicators did not compare well with its own targets as well as with the neighbouring and other regions. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was 48 per 1000 live birth and the Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 63 per 1000 live birth in 2010 as against the targets of 30 and 31 respectively. These indicators (IMR and CMR) for the neighbouring countries were: China (IMR: 16, CMR: 18) and Sri Lanka (IMR: 14, CMR: 17). In industrialized countries, the IMR and CMR were as low as 5 and 6 respectively. • The performance audit covered 2730 of the test checked Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) from 273 project offices of 67 districts from 13 states (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 on 3 services viz. supplementary nutrition, pre-school education and nutrition and health education under scheme. The selection of the states was made on the basis of population, funding and nutrition indicators as per the NFHS-3, 2005. • To universalize the ICDS, Hon'ble Supreme Court had directed the Central and state Governments to operationalize 14 lakh AWCs by December, 2008. The Ministry sanctioned 13.71 lakh AWCs and could operationalize 13.17 lakh. This left a shortfall of 0.54 lakh. Similarly, out of 7075 sanctioned ICDS projects, 7005 projects were operationalized. • 61 percent of the test-checked AWCs did not have their own buildings and 25 percent were functioning from semi-pucca/ kachcha buildings or open/ partially covered space. Separate space for cooking, storing food items and indoor and outdoor activities for children was not available in 40 to 65 percent of the test-checked AWCs. • Poor hygiene and sanitation were noticed in the AWCs due to the absence of toilets in 52 percent of the test checked AWCs and non-availability of drinking water facility for 32 percent of the test checked AWCs. • Functional weighing machines for babies and adults were not available in 26 and 58 percent, respectively, of the test-checked AWCs. The essential utensils required for providing supplementary nutrition to the beneficiaries were also not available in several test-checked AWCs. • Medicine kits were not available in 33 to 49 percent of the test checked AWCs due to failure of the state governments in spending the funds released to them by the Centre.     • 53 percent of the test checked AWCs did not receive annual flexi-fund of Rs. 1000 from the state governments during the period 2009-2011. • There were shortages of staff and key functionaries at all levels. • The shortfall under various categories of training ranged from 19 to 58 percent of the targets fixed under the State Training Action Plan (STRAP). • The shortfall in expenditure on Supplementary Nutrition (SN) ranged between 15 percent and 36 percent of the requirements during the period 2006-2011. The average daily expenditure per beneficiary on SN was Rs. 1.52 to Rs. 2.01 against the norm of Rs. 2.06 during 2006-09 and Rs. 3.08 to Rs. 3.64 against the norm of Rs. 4.21 during 2009-2011. • 33 to 47 percent children were not weighed for monitoring their growth during 2006-07 to 2010-11. The data on nutritional status of children had discrepancies and were not based on WHO's growth standards. • There was a gap of 33 to 45 percent between the number of eligible beneficiaries identified and those receiving the SN during 2006-07 to 2010-11. • The Wheat Based Nutrition Programme suffered from lack of proper coordination among the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the state governments. The Ministry could allocate 78 percent of foodgrains demanded by the states. The actual take-offs by the states was merely 66 percent of total demand placed by them. • Pre-school education (PSE) kits were not available at 41 to 51 percent of the test-checked AWCs during the period 2006-11. • In 6 of the test checked states (Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) data on beneficiaries of PSE who joined mainstream education were not available. In 5 states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Karnataka) shortfall in the number of children who actually joined the formal education during 2006-2011 ranged between 7 and 30 percent.       • Shortfall of 40 to 100 percent was noted on the expenditure against the funds released for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) in many states. • Against the total release of Rs. 1753 crore to 13 states during 2008-09 and 15 states during 2009-2011 for meeting the expenditure on salary of ICDS functionaries, the actual expenditure was Rs. 2853 crore indicating unrealistic budgeting and consequent diversion of funds from other critical components of the scheme. • Rs. 57.82 crore were diverted to activities not permitted under the ICDS in 5 of the test-checked states and Rs. 70.11 crore were parked in civil deposits/ personal ledger accounts/ bank accounts / treasury resulting in blocking of funds. • The Central Monitoring Unit (CMU) under the ICDS failed to efficiently carry out assigned tasks, which included concurrent evaluation of the scheme, monitoring through the progress reports received from the states. • Impact assessment of the services under the SN and the PSE based on outcome indicators, such as nutritional status of the children, was not being done. • The follow-up action on internal monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry was inadequate and resulted in recurrence of shortcomings and lapses in the scheme implementation.       « previous12345678910111213141516171819202122next »

Rural Expert

Tagged with: Malnutrition

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