Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
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        Hunger / HDI | Education    </title>
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&bull; At&nbsp;the&nbsp;national&nbsp;level,&nbsp;the&nbsp;proportion of&nbsp;government schools&nbsp;having facilities like drinking water was 96.39 percent, boys&#39; toilet was 94.64 percent, girls&#39; toilet was 97.03 percent, boundary wall was 60.12 percent, playground was 56.98 percent, ramp was 71.50 percent, CWSN toilet was 19.59 percent,..."/>
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&bull; At&nbsp;the&nbsp;national&nbsp;level,&nbsp;the&nbsp;proportion of&nbsp;government schools&nbsp;having facilities like drinking water was 96.39 percent, boys&#39; toilet was 94.64 percent, girls&#39; toilet was 97.03 percent, boundary wall was 60.12 percent, playground was 56.98 percent, ramp was 71.50 percent, CWSN toilet was 19.59 percent,..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=2#gloom-in-the-classroom-the-schooling-crisis-in-jharkhand-prepared-by-gyan-vigyan-samiti-jharkhand-released-in-december-2022">Gloom in the Classroom: The Schooling Crisis in Jharkhand, prepared by Gyan Vigyan Samiti Jharkhand, released in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#cries-of-anguish-released-in-march-2022">Cries of Anguish (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#india-needs-to-learn-a-case-for-keeping-schools-open-released-in-january-2022">India Needs To Learn -- A Case for Keeping Schools Open (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=4#state-of-foundational-literacy-and-numeracy-in-india-released-on-16th-december-2021">State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India (released on 16th December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=5#sixteenth-annual-status-of-education-report-rural-2021-released-on-17th-november-2021">Sixteenth Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2021 (released on 17th November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#a-future-at-stake-ndash-guidelines-and-principles-to-resume-and-renew-education-released-on-2nd-november-2021">A Future at Stake &ndash; Guidelines and Principles to Resume and Renew Education (released on 2nd November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#2021-state-of-the-education-report-for-india-no-teacher-no-class-released-in-october-2021">2021 State of the Education Report for India: No Teacher, No Class (released in October, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#locked-out-emergency-report-on-school-education-released-on-6th-september-2021">Locked Out: Emergency Report on School Education (released on 6th September, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#rapid-assessment-of-learning-during-school-closures-in-the-context-of-covid-19-released-in-may-2021">Rapid assessment of learning during school closures in the context of COVID-19 (released in May, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=8#performance-grading-index-pgi-2019-20-for-states-and-union-territories-released-in-june-2021">Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2019-20 for States and Union Territories (released in June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=9#covid-19-and-school-closures-one-year-of-education-disruption-released-in-march-2021">COVID-19 and School Closures: One Year of Education Disruption (released in March, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=10#aser-2020-wave-1-for-rural-areas-released-in-october-2020">ASER 2020 Wave-1 for rural areas (released in October, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#broken-slates-and-blank-screens-education-under-lockdown-released-in-september-2020">Broken Slates and Blank Screens: Education Under Lockdown (released in September 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#parliamentary-standing-committee-report-on-demands-for-grants-2020-21-demand-no-58-of-the-department-of-school-education-literacy-presented-to-the-rajya-sabha-on-5th-march-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Demands for Grants 2020-21 (Demand No. 58) of the Department of School Education &amp; Literacy (presented to the Rajya Sabha on 5th March, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=12#spanaser-2019-39early-years39-released-in-january-2020">ASER 2019 &#39;Early Years&#39; (released in January 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#draft-national-education-policy-2019">Draft National Education Policy 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-household-social-consumption-on-education-in-india-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2018">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=14#aser-2017-beyond-basics-released-in-january-2018">ASER 2017: Beyond Basics (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=15#aser-2016-released-in-january-2017">ASER 2016 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=16#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-education-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Education (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=17#annual-status-of-education-report-2014-released-in-january-2015">Annual Status of Education Report 2014 (released in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=18#11th-unesco-education-for-all-global-monitoring-report-2013-14">11th UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013-14</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=19#aser-2013-report">ASER 2013 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=20#nss-report-no-551-66106-titled-status-of-education-and-vocational-training-in-india-66th-round">NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=21#annual-status-of-education-report-2012">Annual Status of Education Report 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=23#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2011">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#global-education-digest-2011-comparing-education-statistics-across-the-world">Global Education Digest 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2010">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=25#annual-status-of-education-report-2009">Annual Status of Education Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=26#education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#education-for-all-report-2010">Education for All Report 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#secondary-education-in-india-universalizing-opportunity-2009">Secondary Education in India: Universalizing Opportunity (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#annual-status-of-education-report-2008-rural">Annual Status of Education Report 2008 (Rural)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#literacy-and-levels-of-education-in-india-1999-2000-of-the-55th-round-nss">Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000 of the 55th Round NSS</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            &nbsp;</span></span>&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>, Participation and Expenditure<br />NSS 64th Round, (July 2007&ndash;June 2008), Report No. 532(64/25.2/1): </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;A survey on &lsquo;Participation and Expenditure in Education&rsquo; was conducted in NSS 64th round (July 2007 - June 2008). A sample of 445960 persons, from 63318 rural households and 37263 urban households spread over the country, was surveyed. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively high literacy are- Kerala (94%), Assam (84%), Maharashtra (81%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively low literacy are- Bihar (58%), Rajasthan (62%), Andhra Pradesh (64%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Other low-literacy states included Rajasthan (61.7%), Andhra Pradesh (63.5%), Jharkhand (64.6%), Uttar Pradesh (66.2%), J&amp;K (67.7%) and Orissa (68.3%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;66% of the country&rsquo;s adult population (population of age 15 &amp; above) was found to be literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, 51.2% of the population in the lowest decile class of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) were not literate. Even in the highest decile class, 22.8% persons were not literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The literacy rate (i.e. percentage of literates) for all ages among rural female (RF), rural male (RM), urban female (UF) and urban male (UM) populations was found to be 51.1%, 68.4%, 71.6% and 82.2% respectively. The corresponding rates two decades ago as estimated in NSS 42nd round (1986-87) were 24.8%, 47.6%, 59.1% and 74.0% respectively. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;98% of rural households &amp; 99% of urban households have school with primary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;79% of rural households &amp; 97% of urban households have school with middle classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;47% of rural households &amp; 91% of urban households have school with secondary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons in age-group 5-29: 46% were not currently enrolled in any educational institution; 2% were currently enrolled but not attending; 52% were currently attending educational institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons aged 5-29 attending education of level primary &amp; above - 49% were in Primary level; 24% were in Middle level; 20% in Secondary/HS level; 7% in above-HS level </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For major course attended: type of education was General in 97.8%, Technical in 1.9%, Vocational in 0.3% cases. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) for Classes I-VIII (All-India): 86% </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively high NAR (I-VIII): Himachal Pr. (96%), Kerala (94%), Tamil Nadu (92%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively low NAR (I-VIII): Bihar (74%), Jharkhand (81%), Uttar Pradesh (83%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level &ndash; 73% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level &ndash; 78% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level: 71% students got free education (Rural- 80%, Urban- 40%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level: 68% students got free education (Rural- 75%, Urban- 45%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Secondary/ HS level: 48% students got free education (Rural- 54%, Urban- 35%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Primary level - Rs. 1413 (Rural- Rs. 826, Urban- Rs.3626) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Middle level - Rs. 2088 (Rural- Rs.1370, Urban- Rs.4264) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Secondary/ HS level- Rs. 4351 (Rural- Rs.3019, Urban- Rs.7212) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Above HS level- Rs. 7360 (Rural- Rs.6327, Urban- Rs.8466) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Technical Education: Rs.32112 (Rural- Rs.27177, Urban- Rs.34822) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Vocational Education: Rs.14881 (Rural- Rs.13699, Urban- Rs.17016) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure on education at primary level varied from around Rs. 600-800 in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa to more than Rs. 3500 in states like Punjab and Haryana. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For primary education, students in the poorest category in the rural sector incurred an average expenditure of Rs. 352, compared to Rs.3516 for the richest class. In the urban sector the disparity in average educational expenditure was greater still, from Rs. 1035 in the lowest decile class to Rs.13474 in the highest decile class of MPCE. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For the country as a whole average expenditure on tuition fees (Rs. 1034), examination fee, other fees and payments (Rs. 459) together contributed about half of total expenditure (Rs. 3058) on education. Books and stationery (Rs. 586) was reported to be the next major component of expenditure followed by private coaching (Rs. 354). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, tuition fee, together with examination fee and other fees and payments, contributed 40% of total expenditure while another 25% was spent on books and stationery. In the urban sector tuition fee alone contributed 40% of total expenditure. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural areas, the majority of students were attending government schools &ndash; 76% of primary level students, 73% of middle level students, and 62% of secondary and HS level students.&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In urban areas, on the other hand, 59% of students at primary level were in private schools. At middle and secondary/ HS level, 54-55% was in private schools. Government schools accounted for only 35% of primary level students, 40% of middle level students, and 43% of secondary/ HS level students. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;While in states like Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, more than 90% of students at primary level attended schools run by government or local bodies, the corresponding proportion was only 35% in Kerala and 45% in Punjab. In these two states, the majority of students, even at primary level, were in private schools &ndash; aided or unaided. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;About 60% of students in government and local-body-run institutions got mid-day meals compared to 16% in aided private institutions and 2% in unaided private only. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Differentials across institution types were equally marked in case of free/ subsidised books, with 69% of students in government-run schools receiving such books compared to 22% in aided private and only 4% in unaided private institutions. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major reasons for Discontinuance/ drop-out: Financial constraints (21%), Child not interested in studies (20%), Unable to cope up or failure in studies (10%), Completed desired level or class (10%), Parents not interested in studies (9%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The three most frequently given reasons for non-enrolment were a) parents not interested in education of their children (33.2%), b) financial constraints (21%) and c) education not considered necessary (21.8%). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>Note: </strong>Net Attendance Ratio (I-VIII)=(Number of persons in age-group 6-13 currently attending Classes I-VIII divided by Estimated population in the age-group I-VIII years) multiplied by hundred&nbsp; </span></span></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; At&nbsp;the&nbsp;national&nbsp;level,&nbsp;the&nbsp;proportion of&nbsp;government schools&nbsp;having facilities like drinking water was 96.39 percent, boys&#39; toilet was 94.64 percent, girls&#39; toilet was 97.03 percent, boundary wall was 60.12 percent, playground was 56.98 percent, ramp was 71.50 percent, CWSN toilet was 19.59 percent,..."/>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Education</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=2#gloom-in-the-classroom-the-schooling-crisis-in-jharkhand-prepared-by-gyan-vigyan-samiti-jharkhand-released-in-december-2022">Gloom in the Classroom: The Schooling Crisis in Jharkhand, prepared by Gyan Vigyan Samiti Jharkhand, released in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#cries-of-anguish-released-in-march-2022">Cries of Anguish (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#india-needs-to-learn-a-case-for-keeping-schools-open-released-in-january-2022">India Needs To Learn -- A Case for Keeping Schools Open (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=4#state-of-foundational-literacy-and-numeracy-in-india-released-on-16th-december-2021">State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India (released on 16th December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=5#sixteenth-annual-status-of-education-report-rural-2021-released-on-17th-november-2021">Sixteenth Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2021 (released on 17th November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#a-future-at-stake-ndash-guidelines-and-principles-to-resume-and-renew-education-released-on-2nd-november-2021">A Future at Stake &ndash; Guidelines and Principles to Resume and Renew Education (released on 2nd November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#2021-state-of-the-education-report-for-india-no-teacher-no-class-released-in-october-2021">2021 State of the Education Report for India: No Teacher, No Class (released in October, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#locked-out-emergency-report-on-school-education-released-on-6th-september-2021">Locked Out: Emergency Report on School Education (released on 6th September, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#rapid-assessment-of-learning-during-school-closures-in-the-context-of-covid-19-released-in-may-2021">Rapid assessment of learning during school closures in the context of COVID-19 (released in May, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=8#performance-grading-index-pgi-2019-20-for-states-and-union-territories-released-in-june-2021">Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2019-20 for States and Union Territories (released in June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=9#covid-19-and-school-closures-one-year-of-education-disruption-released-in-march-2021">COVID-19 and School Closures: One Year of Education Disruption (released in March, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=10#aser-2020-wave-1-for-rural-areas-released-in-october-2020">ASER 2020 Wave-1 for rural areas (released in October, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#broken-slates-and-blank-screens-education-under-lockdown-released-in-september-2020">Broken Slates and Blank Screens: Education Under Lockdown (released in September 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#parliamentary-standing-committee-report-on-demands-for-grants-2020-21-demand-no-58-of-the-department-of-school-education-literacy-presented-to-the-rajya-sabha-on-5th-march-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Demands for Grants 2020-21 (Demand No. 58) of the Department of School Education &amp; Literacy (presented to the Rajya Sabha on 5th March, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=12#spanaser-2019-39early-years39-released-in-january-2020">ASER 2019 &#39;Early Years&#39; (released in January 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#draft-national-education-policy-2019">Draft National Education Policy 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-household-social-consumption-on-education-in-india-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2018">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=14#aser-2017-beyond-basics-released-in-january-2018">ASER 2017: Beyond Basics (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=15#aser-2016-released-in-january-2017">ASER 2016 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=16#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-education-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Education (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=17#annual-status-of-education-report-2014-released-in-january-2015">Annual Status of Education Report 2014 (released in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=18#11th-unesco-education-for-all-global-monitoring-report-2013-14">11th UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013-14</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=19#aser-2013-report">ASER 2013 report</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=20#nss-report-no-551-66106-titled-status-of-education-and-vocational-training-in-india-66th-round">NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=21#annual-status-of-education-report-2012">Annual Status of Education Report 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=23#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2011">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#global-education-digest-2011-comparing-education-statistics-across-the-world">Global Education Digest 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2010">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=25#annual-status-of-education-report-2009">Annual Status of Education Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=26#education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#education-for-all-report-2010">Education for All Report 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#secondary-education-in-india-universalizing-opportunity-2009">Secondary Education in India: Universalizing Opportunity (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#annual-status-of-education-report-2008-rural">Annual Status of Education Report 2008 (Rural)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#literacy-and-levels-of-education-in-india-1999-2000-of-the-55th-round-nss">Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000 of the 55th Round NSS</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            &nbsp;</span></span>&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>, Participation and Expenditure<br />NSS 64th Round, (July 2007&ndash;June 2008), Report No. 532(64/25.2/1): </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;A survey on &lsquo;Participation and Expenditure in Education&rsquo; was conducted in NSS 64th round (July 2007 - June 2008). A sample of 445960 persons, from 63318 rural households and 37263 urban households spread over the country, was surveyed. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively high literacy are- Kerala (94%), Assam (84%), Maharashtra (81%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively low literacy are- Bihar (58%), Rajasthan (62%), Andhra Pradesh (64%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Other low-literacy states included Rajasthan (61.7%), Andhra Pradesh (63.5%), Jharkhand (64.6%), Uttar Pradesh (66.2%), J&amp;K (67.7%) and Orissa (68.3%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;66% of the country&rsquo;s adult population (population of age 15 &amp; above) was found to be literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, 51.2% of the population in the lowest decile class of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) were not literate. Even in the highest decile class, 22.8% persons were not literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The literacy rate (i.e. percentage of literates) for all ages among rural female (RF), rural male (RM), urban female (UF) and urban male (UM) populations was found to be 51.1%, 68.4%, 71.6% and 82.2% respectively. The corresponding rates two decades ago as estimated in NSS 42nd round (1986-87) were 24.8%, 47.6%, 59.1% and 74.0% respectively. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;98% of rural households &amp; 99% of urban households have school with primary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;79% of rural households &amp; 97% of urban households have school with middle classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;47% of rural households &amp; 91% of urban households have school with secondary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons in age-group 5-29: 46% were not currently enrolled in any educational institution; 2% were currently enrolled but not attending; 52% were currently attending educational institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons aged 5-29 attending education of level primary &amp; above - 49% were in Primary level; 24% were in Middle level; 20% in Secondary/HS level; 7% in above-HS level </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For major course attended: type of education was General in 97.8%, Technical in 1.9%, Vocational in 0.3% cases. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) for Classes I-VIII (All-India): 86% </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively high NAR (I-VIII): Himachal Pr. (96%), Kerala (94%), Tamil Nadu (92%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively low NAR (I-VIII): Bihar (74%), Jharkhand (81%), Uttar Pradesh (83%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level &ndash; 73% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level &ndash; 78% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level: 71% students got free education (Rural- 80%, Urban- 40%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level: 68% students got free education (Rural- 75%, Urban- 45%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Secondary/ HS level: 48% students got free education (Rural- 54%, Urban- 35%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Primary level - Rs. 1413 (Rural- Rs. 826, Urban- Rs.3626) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Middle level - Rs. 2088 (Rural- Rs.1370, Urban- Rs.4264) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Secondary/ HS level- Rs. 4351 (Rural- Rs.3019, Urban- Rs.7212) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Above HS level- Rs. 7360 (Rural- Rs.6327, Urban- Rs.8466) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Technical Education: Rs.32112 (Rural- Rs.27177, Urban- Rs.34822) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Vocational Education: Rs.14881 (Rural- Rs.13699, Urban- Rs.17016) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure on education at primary level varied from around Rs. 600-800 in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa to more than Rs. 3500 in states like Punjab and Haryana. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For primary education, students in the poorest category in the rural sector incurred an average expenditure of Rs. 352, compared to Rs.3516 for the richest class. In the urban sector the disparity in average educational expenditure was greater still, from Rs. 1035 in the lowest decile class to Rs.13474 in the highest decile class of MPCE. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For the country as a whole average expenditure on tuition fees (Rs. 1034), examination fee, other fees and payments (Rs. 459) together contributed about half of total expenditure (Rs. 3058) on education. Books and stationery (Rs. 586) was reported to be the next major component of expenditure followed by private coaching (Rs. 354). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, tuition fee, together with examination fee and other fees and payments, contributed 40% of total expenditure while another 25% was spent on books and stationery. In the urban sector tuition fee alone contributed 40% of total expenditure. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural areas, the majority of students were attending government schools &ndash; 76% of primary level students, 73% of middle level students, and 62% of secondary and HS level students.&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In urban areas, on the other hand, 59% of students at primary level were in private schools. At middle and secondary/ HS level, 54-55% was in private schools. Government schools accounted for only 35% of primary level students, 40% of middle level students, and 43% of secondary/ HS level students. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;While in states like Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, more than 90% of students at primary level attended schools run by government or local bodies, the corresponding proportion was only 35% in Kerala and 45% in Punjab. In these two states, the majority of students, even at primary level, were in private schools &ndash; aided or unaided. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;About 60% of students in government and local-body-run institutions got mid-day meals compared to 16% in aided private institutions and 2% in unaided private only. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Differentials across institution types were equally marked in case of free/ subsidised books, with 69% of students in government-run schools receiving such books compared to 22% in aided private and only 4% in unaided private institutions. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major reasons for Discontinuance/ drop-out: Financial constraints (21%), Child not interested in studies (20%), Unable to cope up or failure in studies (10%), Completed desired level or class (10%), Parents not interested in studies (9%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The three most frequently given reasons for non-enrolment were a) parents not interested in education of their children (33.2%), b) financial constraints (21%) and c) education not considered necessary (21.8%). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>Note: </strong>Net Attendance Ratio (I-VIII)=(Number of persons in age-group 6-13 currently attending Classes I-VIII divided by Estimated population in the age-group I-VIII years) multiplied by hundred&nbsp; </span></span></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; At&nbsp;the&nbsp;national&nbsp;level,&nbsp;the&nbsp;proportion of&nbsp;government schools&nbsp;having facilities like drinking water was 96.39 percent, boys&#39; toilet was 94.64 percent, girls&#39; toilet was 97.03 percent, boundary wall was 60.12 percent, playground was 56.98 percent, ramp was 71.50 percent, CWSN toilet was 19.59 percent,..."/>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Education</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=2#gloom-in-the-classroom-the-schooling-crisis-in-jharkhand-prepared-by-gyan-vigyan-samiti-jharkhand-released-in-december-2022">Gloom in the Classroom: The Schooling Crisis in Jharkhand, prepared by Gyan Vigyan Samiti Jharkhand, released in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#cries-of-anguish-released-in-march-2022">Cries of Anguish (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=3#india-needs-to-learn-a-case-for-keeping-schools-open-released-in-january-2022">India Needs To Learn -- A Case for Keeping Schools Open (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=4#state-of-foundational-literacy-and-numeracy-in-india-released-on-16th-december-2021">State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India (released on 16th December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=5#sixteenth-annual-status-of-education-report-rural-2021-released-on-17th-november-2021">Sixteenth Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2021 (released on 17th November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#a-future-at-stake-ndash-guidelines-and-principles-to-resume-and-renew-education-released-on-2nd-november-2021">A Future at Stake &ndash; Guidelines and Principles to Resume and Renew Education (released on 2nd November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=6#2021-state-of-the-education-report-for-india-no-teacher-no-class-released-in-october-2021">2021 State of the Education Report for India: No Teacher, No Class (released in October, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#locked-out-emergency-report-on-school-education-released-on-6th-september-2021">Locked Out: Emergency Report on School Education (released on 6th September, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=7#rapid-assessment-of-learning-during-school-closures-in-the-context-of-covid-19-released-in-may-2021">Rapid assessment of learning during school closures in the context of COVID-19 (released in May, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=8#performance-grading-index-pgi-2019-20-for-states-and-union-territories-released-in-june-2021">Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2019-20 for States and Union Territories (released in June, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=9#covid-19-and-school-closures-one-year-of-education-disruption-released-in-march-2021">COVID-19 and School Closures: One Year of Education Disruption (released in March, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=10#aser-2020-wave-1-for-rural-areas-released-in-october-2020">ASER 2020 Wave-1 for rural areas (released in October, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#broken-slates-and-blank-screens-education-under-lockdown-released-in-september-2020">Broken Slates and Blank Screens: Education Under Lockdown (released in September 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=11#parliamentary-standing-committee-report-on-demands-for-grants-2020-21-demand-no-58-of-the-department-of-school-education-literacy-presented-to-the-rajya-sabha-on-5th-march-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Demands for Grants 2020-21 (Demand No. 58) of the Department of School Education &amp; Literacy (presented to the Rajya Sabha on 5th March, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=12#spanaser-2019-39early-years39-released-in-january-2020">ASER 2019 &#39;Early Years&#39; (released in January 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#draft-national-education-policy-2019">Draft National Education Policy 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-household-social-consumption-on-education-in-india-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=13#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2018">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=14#aser-2017-beyond-basics-released-in-january-2018">ASER 2017: Beyond Basics (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=15#aser-2016-released-in-january-2017">ASER 2016 (released in January, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=16#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-education-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Education (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=17#annual-status-of-education-report-2014-released-in-january-2015">Annual Status of Education Report 2014 (released in January 2015)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=18#11th-unesco-education-for-all-global-monitoring-report-2013-14">11th UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013-14</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=19#aser-2013-report">ASER 2013 report</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=20#nss-report-no-551-66106-titled-status-of-education-and-vocational-training-in-india-66th-round">NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=21#annual-status-of-education-report-2012">Annual Status of Education Report 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=23#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2011">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#global-education-digest-2011-comparing-education-statistics-across-the-world">Global Education Digest 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=24#annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2010">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=25#annual-status-of-education-report-2009">Annual Status of Education Report 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=26#education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#education-for-all-report-2010">Education for All Report 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#secondary-education-in-india-universalizing-opportunity-2009">Secondary Education in India: Universalizing Opportunity (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#annual-status-of-education-report-2008-rural">Annual Status of Education Report 2008 (Rural)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html?pgno=27#literacy-and-levels-of-education-in-india-1999-2000-of-the-55th-round-nss">Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000 of the 55th Round NSS</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
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                            &nbsp;</span></span>&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to <a name="education-in-india-2007-08">Education in India: 2007-08</a>, Participation and Expenditure<br />NSS 64th Round, (July 2007&ndash;June 2008), Report No. 532(64/25.2/1): </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;A survey on &lsquo;Participation and Expenditure in Education&rsquo; was conducted in NSS 64th round (July 2007 - June 2008). A sample of 445960 persons, from 63318 rural households and 37263 urban households spread over the country, was surveyed. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively high literacy are- Kerala (94%), Assam (84%), Maharashtra (81%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The states with relatively low literacy are- Bihar (58%), Rajasthan (62%), Andhra Pradesh (64%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Other low-literacy states included Rajasthan (61.7%), Andhra Pradesh (63.5%), Jharkhand (64.6%), Uttar Pradesh (66.2%), J&amp;K (67.7%) and Orissa (68.3%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;66% of the country&rsquo;s adult population (population of age 15 &amp; above) was found to be literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, 51.2% of the population in the lowest decile class of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) were not literate. Even in the highest decile class, 22.8% persons were not literate. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The literacy rate (i.e. percentage of literates) for all ages among rural female (RF), rural male (RM), urban female (UF) and urban male (UM) populations was found to be 51.1%, 68.4%, 71.6% and 82.2% respectively. The corresponding rates two decades ago as estimated in NSS 42nd round (1986-87) were 24.8%, 47.6%, 59.1% and 74.0% respectively. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;98% of rural households &amp; 99% of urban households have school with primary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;79% of rural households &amp; 97% of urban households have school with middle classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;47% of rural households &amp; 91% of urban households have school with secondary classes within 2 km </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons in age-group 5-29: 46% were not currently enrolled in any educational institution; 2% were currently enrolled but not attending; 52% were currently attending educational institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Among persons aged 5-29 attending education of level primary &amp; above - 49% were in Primary level; 24% were in Middle level; 20% in Secondary/HS level; 7% in above-HS level </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For major course attended: type of education was General in 97.8%, Technical in 1.9%, Vocational in 0.3% cases. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) for Classes I-VIII (All-India): 86% </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively high NAR (I-VIII): Himachal Pr. (96%), Kerala (94%), Tamil Nadu (92%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major states with relatively low NAR (I-VIII): Bihar (74%), Jharkhand (81%), Uttar Pradesh (83%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level &ndash; 73% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level &ndash; 78% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Primary level: 71% students got free education (Rural- 80%, Urban- 40%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Middle level: 68% students got free education (Rural- 75%, Urban- 45%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;At Secondary/ HS level: 48% students got free education (Rural- 54%, Urban- 35%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Primary level - Rs. 1413 (Rural- Rs. 826, Urban- Rs.3626) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Middle level - Rs. 2088 (Rural- Rs.1370, Urban- Rs.4264) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Secondary/ HS level- Rs. 4351 (Rural- Rs.3019, Urban- Rs.7212) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student at Above HS level- Rs. 7360 (Rural- Rs.6327, Urban- Rs.8466) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Technical Education: Rs.32112 (Rural- Rs.27177, Urban- Rs.34822) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure per student for Vocational Education: Rs.14881 (Rural- Rs.13699, Urban- Rs.17016) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Average annual private expenditure on education at primary level varied from around Rs. 600-800 in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa to more than Rs. 3500 in states like Punjab and Haryana. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For primary education, students in the poorest category in the rural sector incurred an average expenditure of Rs. 352, compared to Rs.3516 for the richest class. In the urban sector the disparity in average educational expenditure was greater still, from Rs. 1035 in the lowest decile class to Rs.13474 in the highest decile class of MPCE. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;For the country as a whole average expenditure on tuition fees (Rs. 1034), examination fee, other fees and payments (Rs. 459) together contributed about half of total expenditure (Rs. 3058) on education. Books and stationery (Rs. 586) was reported to be the next major component of expenditure followed by private coaching (Rs. 354). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural India, tuition fee, together with examination fee and other fees and payments, contributed 40% of total expenditure while another 25% was spent on books and stationery. In the urban sector tuition fee alone contributed 40% of total expenditure. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In rural areas, the majority of students were attending government schools &ndash; 76% of primary level students, 73% of middle level students, and 62% of secondary and HS level students.&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In urban areas, on the other hand, 59% of students at primary level were in private schools. At middle and secondary/ HS level, 54-55% was in private schools. Government schools accounted for only 35% of primary level students, 40% of middle level students, and 43% of secondary/ HS level students. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;While in states like Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, more than 90% of students at primary level attended schools run by government or local bodies, the corresponding proportion was only 35% in Kerala and 45% in Punjab. In these two states, the majority of students, even at primary level, were in private schools &ndash; aided or unaided. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;About 60% of students in government and local-body-run institutions got mid-day meals compared to 16% in aided private institutions and 2% in unaided private only. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Differentials across institution types were equally marked in case of free/ subsidised books, with 69% of students in government-run schools receiving such books compared to 22% in aided private and only 4% in unaided private institutions. </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Major reasons for Discontinuance/ drop-out: Financial constraints (21%), Child not interested in studies (20%), Unable to cope up or failure in studies (10%), Completed desired level or class (10%), Parents not interested in studies (9%) </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The three most frequently given reasons for non-enrolment were a) parents not interested in education of their children (33.2%), b) financial constraints (21%) and c) education not considered necessary (21.8%). </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>Note: </strong>Net Attendance Ratio (I-VIII)=(Number of persons in age-group 6-13 currently attending Classes I-VIII divided by Estimated population in the age-group I-VIII years) multiplied by hundred&nbsp; </span></span></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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Home हिन्दी

Education

What's Inside Gloom in the Classroom: The Schooling Crisis in Jharkhand, prepared by Gyan Vigyan Samiti Jharkhand, released in December 2022 Cries of Anguish (released in March 2022) India Needs To Learn -- A Case for Keeping Schools Open (released in January 2022) State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India (released on 16th December, 2021) Sixteenth Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2021 (released on 17th November, 2021) A Future at Stake – Guidelines and Principles to Resume and Renew Education (released on 2nd November, 2021) 2021 State of the Education Report for India: No Teacher, No Class (released in October, 2021) Locked Out: Emergency Report on School Education (released on 6th September, 2021) Rapid assessment of learning during school closures in the context of COVID-19 (released in May, 2021) Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2019-20 for States and Union Territories (released in June, 2021) More COVID-19 and School Closures: One Year of Education Disruption (released in March, 2021) ASER 2020 Wave-1 for rural areas (released in October, 2020) Broken Slates and Blank Screens: Education Under Lockdown (released in September 2020) Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Demands for Grants 2020-21 (Demand No. 58) of the Department of School Education & Literacy (presented to the Rajya Sabha on 5th March, 2020) ASER 2019 'Early Years' (released in January 2020) Draft National Education Policy 2019 NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019) Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018 ASER 2017: Beyond Basics (released in January, 2018) ASER 2016 (released in January, 2017) 71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Education (published in June 2015) Annual Status of Education Report 2014 (released in January 2015) 11th UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013-14 ASER 2013 report NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round) Annual Status of Education Report 2012 Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2011 Global Education Digest 2011-Comparing Education Statistics Across the World Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010 Annual Status of Education Report 2009 Education in India: 2007-08 Education for All Report 2010 Secondary Education in India: Universalizing Opportunity (2009) Annual Status of Education Report 2008 (Rural) Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000 of the 55th Round NSS Less      According to Education in India: 2007-08, Participation and Expenditure NSS 64th Round, (July 2007–June 2008), Report No. 532(64/25.2/1): • A survey on ‘Participation and Expenditure in Education’ was conducted in NSS 64th round (July 2007 - June 2008). A sample of 445960 persons, from 63318 rural households and 37263 urban households spread over the country, was surveyed. • The states with relatively high literacy are- Kerala (94%), Assam (84%), Maharashtra (81%) • The states with relatively low literacy are- Bihar (58%), Rajasthan (62%), Andhra Pradesh (64%) • Other low-literacy states included Rajasthan (61.7%), Andhra Pradesh (63.5%), Jharkhand (64.6%), Uttar Pradesh (66.2%), J&K (67.7%) and Orissa (68.3%) • 66% of the country’s adult population (population of age 15 & above) was found to be literate. • In rural India, 51.2% of the population in the lowest decile class of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) were not literate. Even in the highest decile class, 22.8% persons were not literate. • The literacy rate (i.e. percentage of literates) for all ages among rural female (RF), rural male (RM), urban female (UF) and urban male (UM) populations was found to be 51.1%, 68.4%, 71.6% and 82.2% respectively. The corresponding rates two decades ago as estimated in NSS 42nd round (1986-87) were 24.8%, 47.6%, 59.1% and 74.0% respectively. • 98% of rural households & 99% of urban households have school with primary classes within 2 km • 79% of rural households & 97% of urban households have school with middle classes within 2 km • 47% of rural households & 91% of urban households have school with secondary classes within 2 km • Among persons in age-group 5-29: 46% were not currently enrolled in any educational institution; 2% were currently enrolled but not attending; 52% were currently attending educational institutions • Among persons aged 5-29 attending education of level primary & above - 49% were in Primary level; 24% were in Middle level; 20% in Secondary/HS level; 7% in above-HS level • For major course attended: type of education was General in 97.8%, Technical in 1.9%, Vocational in 0.3% cases. • Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) for Classes I-VIII (All-India): 86% • Major states with relatively high NAR (I-VIII): Himachal Pr. (96%), Kerala (94%), Tamil Nadu (92%) • Major states with relatively low NAR (I-VIII): Bihar (74%), Jharkhand (81%), Uttar Pradesh (83%) • At Primary level – 73% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions • At Middle level – 78% of students in private unaided institutions attended recognized institutions • At Primary level: 71% students got free education (Rural- 80%, Urban- 40%) • At Middle level: 68% students got free education (Rural- 75%, Urban- 45%) • At Secondary/ HS level: 48% students got free education (Rural- 54%, Urban- 35%) • Average annual private expenditure per student at Primary level - Rs. 1413 (Rural- Rs. 826, Urban- Rs.3626) • Average annual private expenditure per student at Middle level - Rs. 2088 (Rural- Rs.1370, Urban- Rs.4264) • Average annual private expenditure per student at Secondary/ HS level- Rs. 4351 (Rural- Rs.3019, Urban- Rs.7212) • Average annual private expenditure per student at Above HS level- Rs. 7360 (Rural- Rs.6327, Urban- Rs.8466) • Average annual private expenditure per student for Technical Education: Rs.32112 (Rural- Rs.27177, Urban- Rs.34822) • Average annual private expenditure per student for Vocational Education: Rs.14881 (Rural- Rs.13699, Urban- Rs.17016) • Average annual private expenditure on education at primary level varied from around Rs. 600-800 in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa to more than Rs. 3500 in states like Punjab and Haryana. • For primary education, students in the poorest category in the rural sector incurred an average expenditure of Rs. 352, compared to Rs.3516 for the richest class. In the urban sector the disparity in average educational expenditure was greater still, from Rs. 1035 in the lowest decile class to Rs.13474 in the highest decile class of MPCE. • For the country as a whole average expenditure on tuition fees (Rs. 1034), examination fee, other fees and payments (Rs. 459) together contributed about half of total expenditure (Rs. 3058) on education. Books and stationery (Rs. 586) was reported to be the next major component of expenditure followed by private coaching (Rs. 354). • In rural India, tuition fee, together with examination fee and other fees and payments, contributed 40% of total expenditure while another 25% was spent on books and stationery. In the urban sector tuition fee alone contributed 40% of total expenditure. • In rural areas, the majority of students were attending government schools – 76% of primary level students, 73% of middle level students, and 62% of secondary and HS level students.  • In urban areas, on the other hand, 59% of students at primary level were in private schools. At middle and secondary/ HS level, 54-55% was in private schools. Government schools accounted for only 35% of primary level students, 40% of middle level students, and 43% of secondary/ HS level students. • While in states like Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, more than 90% of students at primary level attended schools run by government or local bodies, the corresponding proportion was only 35% in Kerala and 45% in Punjab. In these two states, the majority of students, even at primary level, were in private schools – aided or unaided. • About 60% of students in government and local-body-run institutions got mid-day meals compared to 16% in aided private institutions and 2% in unaided private only. • Differentials across institution types were equally marked in case of free/ subsidised books, with 69% of students in government-run schools receiving such books compared to 22% in aided private and only 4% in unaided private institutions. • Major reasons for Discontinuance/ drop-out: Financial constraints (21%), Child not interested in studies (20%), Unable to cope up or failure in studies (10%), Completed desired level or class (10%), Parents not interested in studies (9%) • The three most frequently given reasons for non-enrolment were a) parents not interested in education of their children (33.2%), b) financial constraints (21%) and c) education not considered necessary (21.8%).   Note: Net Attendance Ratio (I-VIII)=(Number of persons in age-group 6-13 currently attending Classes I-VIII divided by Estimated population in the age-group I-VIII years) multiplied by hundred      « previous12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728next »

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