Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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<!--[if lt IE 7 ]>
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        Environment | Time Bomb Ticking    </title>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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&bull; It is estimated that to cover 50 percent (5 million ha) of the..."/>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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&bull; It is estimated that to cover 50 percent (5 million ha) of the..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#counting-the-cost-2022-a-year-of-climate-breakdown-published-in-december-2022">Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#global-ev-outlook-2022-securing-supplies-for-an-electric-future">Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-intergovernmental-panel-on-climatenbspchange-ipcc-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate&nbsp;Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#climate-nbspchange-nbsp2021-the-physical-science-basis">Climate &nbsp;Change &nbsp;2021: The Physical Science Basis</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-centre-for-science-and-environment-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=12#statistics-related-to-climate-change-india-2015-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-statistics-and-programme-implementation">Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=13#saarc-india-country-report-2015-statistical-appraisal">SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=15#gajah-securing-the-future-for-elephants-in-india">Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#compendium-of-environment-statistics-india-2008-2009">Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#report-of-the-committee-to-evolve-road-map-on-management-of-wastes-in-india">Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2009-unfpa">The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the policy brief titled <a name="the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a> prepared by Angela Picciariello, Sarah Colenbrander, Amir Bazaz and Rathin Roy, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India is already feeling the impacts of climate change. Heatwaves are becoming more common and severe, with many cities reporting temperatures above 48&deg;C in 2020. Heavy rain events have increased threefold since 1950, but total precipitation is declining: a billion people in India currently face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year. Rising sea levels are also creating risks as a third of India&rsquo;s population live along the coast, where the north Indian Ocean has risen by an average of 3.2 mm per year over the last two decades.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The economic costs of climate impacts in India are already immense. In 2020, a single event &ndash; Cyclone Amphan &ndash; affected 13 million people and caused over $13 billion in damage after it made landfall. Declining agricultural productivity, rising sea levels and negative health outcomes were forecast to cost India 3 percent of gross domestic product at 1&deg;C of global warming.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Low-income and other marginalised groups are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sustained high temperatures take a disproportionate toll on those who depend on manual outdoor work or live in crowded, poorly ventilated homes. Floods, storm surge and cyclones wreak the most havoc on densely settled, low-income communities not served by risk-reducing infrastructure. One study suggests that declining agricultural productivity and rising cereal prices could increase India&rsquo;s national poverty rate by 3.5 percent by 2040 compared to a zero-warming scenario; this equates to around 50 million more poor people that year.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lower-carbon development could yield immediate benefits such as cleaner air, greater energy security and rapid job creation. India&rsquo;s climate targets are considered to be &lsquo;2&deg;C compatible&rsquo;, i.e. a fair share of global effort. However, pursuing a cleaner, more resource-efficient path could stimulate a faster, fairer economic recovery and secure India&rsquo;s prosperity and competitiveness in the long term.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India does not bear responsibility for rising temperatures. Despite being home to 17.8 percent of the world&rsquo;s population, India accounts for only 3.2 percent of cumulative emissions (Global Change Data Lab, 2021). Yet India cannot achieve its development aspirations without taking climate change into account (Dubash, 2019).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Rising average temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves across the country. Between 1985 and 2009, western and southern India experienced 50 percent more heatwave events than in the previous 25 years. Heatwaves in 2013 and 2015 killed more than 1,500 and 2,000 people across the country (Mazdiyasni et al., 2017).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As rainfall has declined, the proportion of precipitation that is infiltrating the soil and recharging aquifers has also fallen because more land is covered by hard surfaces &ndash; asphalt, cement and the like. In parallel, Indian agriculture is increasingly dependent on groundwater even as the physical supply is depleted (Zaveri et al., 2016). As a result of the interplay between climatic and development factors, a billion people in India face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year; 180 million face severe water scarcity all year round (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016). These shortages take place in a context where many people lack adequate water for drinking, sanitation or hygiene.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Global warming has consequently accelerated and average temperatures around the world were 1&deg;C above pre-industrial levels in 2017 (Connors et al., 2019). With rapid, ambitious and well-targeted mitigation action, it may be possible to hold the average global temperature increase to 1.5&deg;C at the end of the century (IPCC, 2018). However, current policies will result in warming of at least 3&deg;C above pre-industrial levels (UN Environment, 2020) &ndash; and a much more severe climate crisis, the costs of which will be borne most heavily by low-income and other marginalised groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the lower end of the spectrum, Kahn et al. (2019) predict that climate change could reduce India&rsquo;s GDP by around 2.6 percent by 2100 even if the global temperature increase is held below 2&deg;C; however, this rises by up to 13.4 percent in a 4&deg;C scenario. These results are narrowly based on projections of temperature and precipitation changes, and the effect on labour productivity in different sectors. Climate change may also affect labour productivity through additional channels, for instance by increased incidence of endemic vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and visceral leishmaniasis (Dhiman et al., 2010).</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#counting-the-cost-2022-a-year-of-climate-breakdown-published-in-december-2022">Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#global-ev-outlook-2022-securing-supplies-for-an-electric-future">Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-intergovernmental-panel-on-climatenbspchange-ipcc-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate&nbsp;Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#climate-nbspchange-nbsp2021-the-physical-science-basis">Climate &nbsp;Change &nbsp;2021: The Physical Science Basis</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-centre-for-science-and-environment-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=12#statistics-related-to-climate-change-india-2015-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-statistics-and-programme-implementation">Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=13#saarc-india-country-report-2015-statistical-appraisal">SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=15#gajah-securing-the-future-for-elephants-in-india">Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#compendium-of-environment-statistics-india-2008-2009">Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#report-of-the-committee-to-evolve-road-map-on-management-of-wastes-in-india">Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2009-unfpa">The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the policy brief titled <a name="the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a> prepared by Angela Picciariello, Sarah Colenbrander, Amir Bazaz and Rathin Roy, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India is already feeling the impacts of climate change. Heatwaves are becoming more common and severe, with many cities reporting temperatures above 48&deg;C in 2020. Heavy rain events have increased threefold since 1950, but total precipitation is declining: a billion people in India currently face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year. Rising sea levels are also creating risks as a third of India&rsquo;s population live along the coast, where the north Indian Ocean has risen by an average of 3.2 mm per year over the last two decades.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The economic costs of climate impacts in India are already immense. In 2020, a single event &ndash; Cyclone Amphan &ndash; affected 13 million people and caused over $13 billion in damage after it made landfall. Declining agricultural productivity, rising sea levels and negative health outcomes were forecast to cost India 3 percent of gross domestic product at 1&deg;C of global warming.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Low-income and other marginalised groups are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sustained high temperatures take a disproportionate toll on those who depend on manual outdoor work or live in crowded, poorly ventilated homes. Floods, storm surge and cyclones wreak the most havoc on densely settled, low-income communities not served by risk-reducing infrastructure. One study suggests that declining agricultural productivity and rising cereal prices could increase India&rsquo;s national poverty rate by 3.5 percent by 2040 compared to a zero-warming scenario; this equates to around 50 million more poor people that year.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lower-carbon development could yield immediate benefits such as cleaner air, greater energy security and rapid job creation. India&rsquo;s climate targets are considered to be &lsquo;2&deg;C compatible&rsquo;, i.e. a fair share of global effort. However, pursuing a cleaner, more resource-efficient path could stimulate a faster, fairer economic recovery and secure India&rsquo;s prosperity and competitiveness in the long term.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India does not bear responsibility for rising temperatures. Despite being home to 17.8 percent of the world&rsquo;s population, India accounts for only 3.2 percent of cumulative emissions (Global Change Data Lab, 2021). Yet India cannot achieve its development aspirations without taking climate change into account (Dubash, 2019).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Rising average temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves across the country. Between 1985 and 2009, western and southern India experienced 50 percent more heatwave events than in the previous 25 years. Heatwaves in 2013 and 2015 killed more than 1,500 and 2,000 people across the country (Mazdiyasni et al., 2017).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As rainfall has declined, the proportion of precipitation that is infiltrating the soil and recharging aquifers has also fallen because more land is covered by hard surfaces &ndash; asphalt, cement and the like. In parallel, Indian agriculture is increasingly dependent on groundwater even as the physical supply is depleted (Zaveri et al., 2016). As a result of the interplay between climatic and development factors, a billion people in India face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year; 180 million face severe water scarcity all year round (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016). These shortages take place in a context where many people lack adequate water for drinking, sanitation or hygiene.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Global warming has consequently accelerated and average temperatures around the world were 1&deg;C above pre-industrial levels in 2017 (Connors et al., 2019). With rapid, ambitious and well-targeted mitigation action, it may be possible to hold the average global temperature increase to 1.5&deg;C at the end of the century (IPCC, 2018). However, current policies will result in warming of at least 3&deg;C above pre-industrial levels (UN Environment, 2020) &ndash; and a much more severe climate crisis, the costs of which will be borne most heavily by low-income and other marginalised groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the lower end of the spectrum, Kahn et al. (2019) predict that climate change could reduce India&rsquo;s GDP by around 2.6 percent by 2100 even if the global temperature increase is held below 2&deg;C; however, this rises by up to 13.4 percent in a 4&deg;C scenario. These results are narrowly based on projections of temperature and precipitation changes, and the effect on labour productivity in different sectors. Climate change may also affect labour productivity through additional channels, for instance by increased incidence of endemic vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and visceral leishmaniasis (Dhiman et al., 2010).</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Time Bomb Ticking</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#counting-the-cost-2022-a-year-of-climate-breakdown-published-in-december-2022">Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#global-ev-outlook-2022-securing-supplies-for-an-electric-future">Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-intergovernmental-panel-on-climatenbspchange-ipcc-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate&nbsp;Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#climate-nbspchange-nbsp2021-the-physical-science-basis">Climate &nbsp;Change &nbsp;2021: The Physical Science Basis</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-centre-for-science-and-environment-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=12#statistics-related-to-climate-change-india-2015-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-statistics-and-programme-implementation">Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=15#gajah-securing-the-future-for-elephants-in-india">Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
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                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The key findings of the policy brief titled <a name="the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a> prepared by Angela Picciariello, Sarah Colenbrander, Amir Bazaz and Rathin Roy, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/ODI-JR-CostClimateChangeIndia-final%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India is already feeling the impacts of climate change. Heatwaves are becoming more common and severe, with many cities reporting temperatures above 48&deg;C in 2020. Heavy rain events have increased threefold since 1950, but total precipitation is declining: a billion people in India currently face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year. Rising sea levels are also creating risks as a third of India&rsquo;s population live along the coast, where the north Indian Ocean has risen by an average of 3.2 mm per year over the last two decades.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The economic costs of climate impacts in India are already immense. In 2020, a single event &ndash; Cyclone Amphan &ndash; affected 13 million people and caused over $13 billion in damage after it made landfall. Declining agricultural productivity, rising sea levels and negative health outcomes were forecast to cost India 3 percent of gross domestic product at 1&deg;C of global warming.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Low-income and other marginalised groups are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sustained high temperatures take a disproportionate toll on those who depend on manual outdoor work or live in crowded, poorly ventilated homes. Floods, storm surge and cyclones wreak the most havoc on densely settled, low-income communities not served by risk-reducing infrastructure. One study suggests that declining agricultural productivity and rising cereal prices could increase India&rsquo;s national poverty rate by 3.5 percent by 2040 compared to a zero-warming scenario; this equates to around 50 million more poor people that year.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Lower-carbon development could yield immediate benefits such as cleaner air, greater energy security and rapid job creation. India&rsquo;s climate targets are considered to be &lsquo;2&deg;C compatible&rsquo;, i.e. a fair share of global effort. However, pursuing a cleaner, more resource-efficient path could stimulate a faster, fairer economic recovery and secure India&rsquo;s prosperity and competitiveness in the long term.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India does not bear responsibility for rising temperatures. Despite being home to 17.8 percent of the world&rsquo;s population, India accounts for only 3.2 percent of cumulative emissions (Global Change Data Lab, 2021). Yet India cannot achieve its development aspirations without taking climate change into account (Dubash, 2019).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Rising average temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves across the country. Between 1985 and 2009, western and southern India experienced 50 percent more heatwave events than in the previous 25 years. Heatwaves in 2013 and 2015 killed more than 1,500 and 2,000 people across the country (Mazdiyasni et al., 2017).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As rainfall has declined, the proportion of precipitation that is infiltrating the soil and recharging aquifers has also fallen because more land is covered by hard surfaces &ndash; asphalt, cement and the like. In parallel, Indian agriculture is increasingly dependent on groundwater even as the physical supply is depleted (Zaveri et al., 2016). As a result of the interplay between climatic and development factors, a billion people in India face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year; 180 million face severe water scarcity all year round (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016). These shortages take place in a context where many people lack adequate water for drinking, sanitation or hygiene.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Global warming has consequently accelerated and average temperatures around the world were 1&deg;C above pre-industrial levels in 2017 (Connors et al., 2019). With rapid, ambitious and well-targeted mitigation action, it may be possible to hold the average global temperature increase to 1.5&deg;C at the end of the century (IPCC, 2018). However, current policies will result in warming of at least 3&deg;C above pre-industrial levels (UN Environment, 2020) &ndash; and a much more severe climate crisis, the costs of which will be borne most heavily by low-income and other marginalised groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the lower end of the spectrum, Kahn et al. (2019) predict that climate change could reduce India&rsquo;s GDP by around 2.6 percent by 2100 even if the global temperature increase is held below 2&deg;C; however, this rises by up to 13.4 percent in a 4&deg;C scenario. These results are narrowly based on projections of temperature and precipitation changes, and the effect on labour productivity in different sectors. Climate change may also affect labour productivity through additional channels, for instance by increased incidence of endemic vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and visceral leishmaniasis (Dhiman et al., 2010).</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Time Bomb Ticking

What's Inside Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022 Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022) Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022) Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021) 25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022) India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022) Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021 More Climate  Change  2021: The Physical Science Basis Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021 The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021) India's Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021) State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020) Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020) Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020) Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018) Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017) Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal 4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009 Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA) State of Environment Report India 2009 Climate Change: India’s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns Less The key findings of the policy brief titled The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021) prepared by Angela Picciariello, Sarah Colenbrander, Amir Bazaz and Rathin Roy, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), are as follows (please click here to access):  • India is already feeling the impacts of climate change. Heatwaves are becoming more common and severe, with many cities reporting temperatures above 48°C in 2020. Heavy rain events have increased threefold since 1950, but total precipitation is declining: a billion people in India currently face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year. Rising sea levels are also creating risks as a third of India’s population live along the coast, where the north Indian Ocean has risen by an average of 3.2 mm per year over the last two decades. • The economic costs of climate impacts in India are already immense. In 2020, a single event – Cyclone Amphan – affected 13 million people and caused over $13 billion in damage after it made landfall. Declining agricultural productivity, rising sea levels and negative health outcomes were forecast to cost India 3 percent of gross domestic product at 1°C of global warming. • Low-income and other marginalised groups are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sustained high temperatures take a disproportionate toll on those who depend on manual outdoor work or live in crowded, poorly ventilated homes. Floods, storm surge and cyclones wreak the most havoc on densely settled, low-income communities not served by risk-reducing infrastructure. One study suggests that declining agricultural productivity and rising cereal prices could increase India’s national poverty rate by 3.5 percent by 2040 compared to a zero-warming scenario; this equates to around 50 million more poor people that year. • Lower-carbon development could yield immediate benefits such as cleaner air, greater energy security and rapid job creation. India’s climate targets are considered to be ‘2°C compatible’, i.e. a fair share of global effort. However, pursuing a cleaner, more resource-efficient path could stimulate a faster, fairer economic recovery and secure India’s prosperity and competitiveness in the long term. • India does not bear responsibility for rising temperatures. Despite being home to 17.8 percent of the world’s population, India accounts for only 3.2 percent of cumulative emissions (Global Change Data Lab, 2021). Yet India cannot achieve its development aspirations without taking climate change into account (Dubash, 2019). • Rising average temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves across the country. Between 1985 and 2009, western and southern India experienced 50 percent more heatwave events than in the previous 25 years. Heatwaves in 2013 and 2015 killed more than 1,500 and 2,000 people across the country (Mazdiyasni et al., 2017). • As rainfall has declined, the proportion of precipitation that is infiltrating the soil and recharging aquifers has also fallen because more land is covered by hard surfaces – asphalt, cement and the like. In parallel, Indian agriculture is increasingly dependent on groundwater even as the physical supply is depleted (Zaveri et al., 2016). As a result of the interplay between climatic and development factors, a billion people in India face severe water scarcity for at least one month of the year; 180 million face severe water scarcity all year round (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016). These shortages take place in a context where many people lack adequate water for drinking, sanitation or hygiene. • Global warming has consequently accelerated and average temperatures around the world were 1°C above pre-industrial levels in 2017 (Connors et al., 2019). With rapid, ambitious and well-targeted mitigation action, it may be possible to hold the average global temperature increase to 1.5°C at the end of the century (IPCC, 2018). However, current policies will result in warming of at least 3°C above pre-industrial levels (UN Environment, 2020) – and a much more severe climate crisis, the costs of which will be borne most heavily by low-income and other marginalised groups. • At the lower end of the spectrum, Kahn et al. (2019) predict that climate change could reduce India’s GDP by around 2.6 percent by 2100 even if the global temperature increase is held below 2°C; however, this rises by up to 13.4 percent in a 4°C scenario. These results are narrowly based on projections of temperature and precipitation changes, and the effect on labour productivity in different sectors. Climate change may also affect labour productivity through additional channels, for instance by increased incidence of endemic vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and visceral leishmaniasis (Dhiman et al., 2010). « previous123456789101112131415161718next »

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