Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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<!--[if lt IE 7 ]>
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        Environment | Time Bomb Ticking    </title>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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&bull; It is estimated that to cover 50 percent (5 million ha) of the..."/>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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&bull; It is estimated that to cover 50 percent (5 million ha) of the..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#counting-the-cost-2022-a-year-of-climate-breakdown-published-in-december-2022">Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#global-ev-outlook-2022-securing-supplies-for-an-electric-future">Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-intergovernmental-panel-on-climatenbspchange-ipcc-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate&nbsp;Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#climate-nbspchange-nbsp2021-the-physical-science-basis">Climate &nbsp;Change &nbsp;2021: The Physical Science Basis</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-centre-for-science-and-environment-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=12#statistics-related-to-climate-change-india-2015-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-statistics-and-programme-implementation">Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=13#saarc-india-country-report-2015-statistical-appraisal">SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=15#gajah-securing-the-future-for-elephants-in-india">Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#compendium-of-environment-statistics-india-2008-2009">Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#report-of-the-committee-to-evolve-road-map-on-management-of-wastes-in-india">Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2009-unfpa">The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The&nbsp;key findings of <a name="india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>, prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, are as follows (please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including LULUCF i.e. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) has almost doubled from 1,229 MtCO2e (million tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 1994 to 2,531 MtCO2e in 2016. The energy sector added almost three-fourth of total emissions (without LULUCF) in 2016, followed by 14.4 percent from agriculture, around 8 percent from Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and 2.6 percent from waste.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In 2016, electricity production was the single largest source under the energy sector (thanks to its dependence on coal) that was responsible for about 40 percent of the total GHG emissions. In 2016, road transport was responsible for about 9 percent of total GHG emissions by the country. Residential buildings emitted almost 4 percent of total GHG emissions in 2016.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The total emissions of the energy sector were 21,29,428 Gg CO2e (Gigagram of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 2016, increasing by 11.50 percent from 2014. This sector constituted 93 percent of total national CO2 emissions in 2016. This was primarily from fossil fuel combustion, comprising energy industries and construction, manufacturing industries, transport and other sectors.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The transport sector is largely oil-dependent and accounted for 9.67 percent of the country&rsquo;s GHG emissions (without LULUCF).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) category emitted 2,26,407 Gg of CO2e in the year 2016 and accounted for 8 percent of the total GHG emissions. Within IPPU, cement production is the largest emission source, accounting for about 47 percent of total IPPU sector emissions.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The agriculture sector in the year 2016, emitted 4,07,821 Gg of CO2e, which amounted to around 14 percent of the emissions of India for that year, registering a decrease of 2.25 percent since 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The LULUCF sector was a net sink of 3,07,820 Gg CO2e during 2016, registering an increase in the sink activity of the sector. Cropland dominates the CO2 emissions/removal estimates for India for the year 2016. Forest land, Cropland and Settlement categories were net sinks while Grassland was a net source of CO2. About 15 percent of India&rsquo;s CO2 emissions were offset by the LULUCF sector.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The waste sector emitted 75,232 Gg CO2e to total GHG emissions in 2016. The waste sector was dominated by emissions from wastewater handling which account for more than 79 percent of the sectoral emissions and remaining 21 percent emissions from solid waste disposal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; On the financial needs of India&rsquo;s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs), estimates have already indicated that India would need at least USD 206 billion (at 2014-15 prices) between 2015 and 2030 for implementing adaptation actions in key areas. Mitigation requirements for even moderate low-carbon development have been projected to be in the range of USD 834 billion until 2030 at 2011 prices. Green Climate Fund finance to India is inadequate and is likely to fall drastically short of meeting India&rsquo;s finance requirements.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s annual average temperature is increasing at a statistically significant rate of 0.61 degree Celsius (C) per 100 years over the period 1901-2019. There is a significant increasing trend in the maximum temperature of 1 degree C per 100 years and a relatively lower increase, also significant, in minimum temperatures of 0.22 degree C per 100 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The year 2019 was the seventh warmest year on record since 1901 with annual mean surface air temperature +0.36 degree C above the 1981-2010 period average.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Between 1989 and 2018 there have been significant changes in the frequency of dry days, rainy days (rainfall of 2.5 mm or more but less than 6.5 cm), and heavy rainfall (rainfall of 6.5 cm or more).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A significant decreasing trend (at 99 percent level of confidence) of the frequency of intense cyclonic disturbances during monsoon season is noticed during the last 59 years from 1961 to 2019 over the Indian region.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Based on the observed cyclonic activities during 1891-2019, on an average 5 cyclones developed over the north Indian Ocean region in a year, with an average of 4 cyclone activities developing over the Bay of Bengal and 1 cyclone activity developing over the Arabian Sea.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; During 2019, eight cyclonic storms formed over the north Indian Ocean. Out of these eight systems, one system each formed during the winter and pre-monsoon season, over the Bay of Bengal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The frequency and duration of heat waves over north-west India and the east coast of India have increased. The duration of heat waves over central and north-west India has increased by about five days over the past 50 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Monitoring of winter precipitation and temperature in the Western Himalaya suggests a significant increase in total precipitation but a decrease in snowfall from 1991 to 2015.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most of the Himalayan glaciers are retreating and the rates of retreat have probably accelerated in the past few decades, but the observed tendencies are not regionally uniform. The mean rate of retreat is 14.2&plusmn;12.9 ma-1 (Water equivalent per unit area per year), but with high levels of uncertainty in the estimates.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Currently, sea levels along the Indian coast are rising. The long term average of sea level rise is about 1.7 mm/year. However, these are changing at different rates along the Indian coast.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In contrast to the huge emissions from forest fires globally, the emissions from forest fires in India contribute a mere 1.0-1.5 percent of all global emissions from wildfires, even though India accounted for 2 percent of the total global forest area in 2015, according to the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption grew from 19,669 MJ (megajoules) in 2011-12 to 24,453 MJ in 2018-19(P). In 2018-19(P), primary energy supply added up to 906.09 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per present estimates, India has a renewable energy potential of about 1,097,465 MW (Megawatt) for commercially exploitable sources viz. wind &ndash; 3,02,251 MW (at 100 m mast height), small hydro - 21,134 MW; bio-energy - 22,536 MW, solar power &ndash; 7,48,990 MW and industrial waste - 2,554 MW.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In the year 2018-19(P), India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption was 24,453 MJ which is just one-third of the world average. Per capita energy consumption of India grew by 24.32 percent from 2011-12 to 2018-19.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-intergovernmental-panel-on-climatenbspchange-ipcc-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate&nbsp;Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#climate-nbspchange-nbsp2021-the-physical-science-basis">Climate &nbsp;Change &nbsp;2021: The Physical Science Basis</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-centre-for-science-and-environment-dated-9th-august-2021">Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=12#statistics-related-to-climate-change-india-2015-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-statistics-and-programme-implementation">Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=13#saarc-india-country-report-2015-statistical-appraisal">SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=15#gajah-securing-the-future-for-elephants-in-india">Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#compendium-of-environment-statistics-india-2008-2009">Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#report-of-the-committee-to-evolve-road-map-on-management-of-wastes-in-india">Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2009-unfpa">The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
                                                    </li>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The&nbsp;key findings of <a name="india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>, prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, are as follows (please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including LULUCF i.e. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) has almost doubled from 1,229 MtCO2e (million tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 1994 to 2,531 MtCO2e in 2016. The energy sector added almost three-fourth of total emissions (without LULUCF) in 2016, followed by 14.4 percent from agriculture, around 8 percent from Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and 2.6 percent from waste.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In 2016, electricity production was the single largest source under the energy sector (thanks to its dependence on coal) that was responsible for about 40 percent of the total GHG emissions. In 2016, road transport was responsible for about 9 percent of total GHG emissions by the country. Residential buildings emitted almost 4 percent of total GHG emissions in 2016.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The total emissions of the energy sector were 21,29,428 Gg CO2e (Gigagram of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 2016, increasing by 11.50 percent from 2014. This sector constituted 93 percent of total national CO2 emissions in 2016. This was primarily from fossil fuel combustion, comprising energy industries and construction, manufacturing industries, transport and other sectors.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The transport sector is largely oil-dependent and accounted for 9.67 percent of the country&rsquo;s GHG emissions (without LULUCF).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) category emitted 2,26,407 Gg of CO2e in the year 2016 and accounted for 8 percent of the total GHG emissions. Within IPPU, cement production is the largest emission source, accounting for about 47 percent of total IPPU sector emissions.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The agriculture sector in the year 2016, emitted 4,07,821 Gg of CO2e, which amounted to around 14 percent of the emissions of India for that year, registering a decrease of 2.25 percent since 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The LULUCF sector was a net sink of 3,07,820 Gg CO2e during 2016, registering an increase in the sink activity of the sector. Cropland dominates the CO2 emissions/removal estimates for India for the year 2016. Forest land, Cropland and Settlement categories were net sinks while Grassland was a net source of CO2. About 15 percent of India&rsquo;s CO2 emissions were offset by the LULUCF sector.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The waste sector emitted 75,232 Gg CO2e to total GHG emissions in 2016. The waste sector was dominated by emissions from wastewater handling which account for more than 79 percent of the sectoral emissions and remaining 21 percent emissions from solid waste disposal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; On the financial needs of India&rsquo;s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs), estimates have already indicated that India would need at least USD 206 billion (at 2014-15 prices) between 2015 and 2030 for implementing adaptation actions in key areas. Mitigation requirements for even moderate low-carbon development have been projected to be in the range of USD 834 billion until 2030 at 2011 prices. Green Climate Fund finance to India is inadequate and is likely to fall drastically short of meeting India&rsquo;s finance requirements.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s annual average temperature is increasing at a statistically significant rate of 0.61 degree Celsius (C) per 100 years over the period 1901-2019. There is a significant increasing trend in the maximum temperature of 1 degree C per 100 years and a relatively lower increase, also significant, in minimum temperatures of 0.22 degree C per 100 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The year 2019 was the seventh warmest year on record since 1901 with annual mean surface air temperature +0.36 degree C above the 1981-2010 period average.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Between 1989 and 2018 there have been significant changes in the frequency of dry days, rainy days (rainfall of 2.5 mm or more but less than 6.5 cm), and heavy rainfall (rainfall of 6.5 cm or more).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A significant decreasing trend (at 99 percent level of confidence) of the frequency of intense cyclonic disturbances during monsoon season is noticed during the last 59 years from 1961 to 2019 over the Indian region.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Based on the observed cyclonic activities during 1891-2019, on an average 5 cyclones developed over the north Indian Ocean region in a year, with an average of 4 cyclone activities developing over the Bay of Bengal and 1 cyclone activity developing over the Arabian Sea.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; During 2019, eight cyclonic storms formed over the north Indian Ocean. Out of these eight systems, one system each formed during the winter and pre-monsoon season, over the Bay of Bengal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The frequency and duration of heat waves over north-west India and the east coast of India have increased. The duration of heat waves over central and north-west India has increased by about five days over the past 50 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Monitoring of winter precipitation and temperature in the Western Himalaya suggests a significant increase in total precipitation but a decrease in snowfall from 1991 to 2015.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most of the Himalayan glaciers are retreating and the rates of retreat have probably accelerated in the past few decades, but the observed tendencies are not regionally uniform. The mean rate of retreat is 14.2&plusmn;12.9 ma-1 (Water equivalent per unit area per year), but with high levels of uncertainty in the estimates.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Currently, sea levels along the Indian coast are rising. The long term average of sea level rise is about 1.7 mm/year. However, these are changing at different rates along the Indian coast.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In contrast to the huge emissions from forest fires globally, the emissions from forest fires in India contribute a mere 1.0-1.5 percent of all global emissions from wildfires, even though India accounted for 2 percent of the total global forest area in 2015, according to the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption grew from 19,669 MJ (megajoules) in 2011-12 to 24,453 MJ in 2018-19(P). In 2018-19(P), primary energy supply added up to 906.09 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per present estimates, India has a renewable energy potential of about 1,097,465 MW (Megawatt) for commercially exploitable sources viz. wind &ndash; 3,02,251 MW (at 100 m mast height), small hydro - 21,134 MW; bio-energy - 22,536 MW, solar power &ndash; 7,48,990 MW and industrial waste - 2,554 MW.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In the year 2018-19(P), India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption was 24,453 MJ which is just one-third of the world average. Per capita energy consumption of India grew by 24.32 percent from 2011-12 to 2018-19.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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&bull; Extreme&nbsp;temperature&nbsp;shocks&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;farmer incomes&nbsp;by 4.3 percent and 4.1 percent during kharif and rabi respectively, whereas extreme rainfall shocks reduce incomes by 13.7 percent and 5.5 percent *&amp;&nbsp;

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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#counting-the-cost-2022-a-year-of-climate-breakdown-published-in-december-2022">Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=2#global-ev-outlook-2022-securing-supplies-for-an-electric-future">Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#wmo-state-of-the-global-climate-in-2021-report-released-in-may-2022">WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=3#drought-in-numbers-2022-restoration-for-readiness-and-resilience-released-in-may-2022">Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-mitigation-of-climate-change-released-on-april-4-2022">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2022-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-released-on-february-28-2022">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis-released-on-august-9-2021">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#25-87-million-hectares-released-in-february-2022">25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=4#india-state-of-forest-report-2021-released-in-january-2022">India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=6#the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs-released-in-june-2021">The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=7#india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#state-of-rural-and-agrarian-india-report-2020-released-on-30th-november-2020">State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=8#annual-report-2019-20-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-released-in-august-2020">Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=9#assessment-of-climate-change-over-the-indian-region-released-in-june-2020">Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=10#economic-survey-2017-18-volume-1-released-in-january-2018">Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=11#innovative-viable-solution-to-rice-residue-burning-in-rice-wheat-cropping-system-through-concurrent-use-of-super-straw-management-system-fitted-combines-and-turbo-happy-seeder-october-2017">Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=13#saarc-india-country-report-2015-statistical-appraisal">SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=14#4-degree-turn-down-the-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-and-the-case-for-resilience-2013-the-world-bank">4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#report-of-the-committee-to-evolve-road-map-on-management-of-wastes-in-india">Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2009-unfpa">The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=17#state-of-environment-report-india-2009">State of Environment Report India 2009</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-indiarsquos-perceptions-positions-policies-and-possibilities">Climate Change: India&rsquo;s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html?pgno=18#climate-change-sustainable-development-and-india-global-and-national-concerns">Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns</a>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />The&nbsp;key findings of <a name="india39s-third-biennial-update-report-to-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-released-in-february-2021">India&#39;s Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021)</a>, prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, are as follows (please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/India%20Third%20Biennial%20Update%20Report%20to%20The%20UNFCCC%20released%20in%20February%202021.pdf">click here</a> to access):</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including LULUCF i.e. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) has almost doubled from 1,229 MtCO2e (million tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 1994 to 2,531 MtCO2e in 2016. The energy sector added almost three-fourth of total emissions (without LULUCF) in 2016, followed by 14.4 percent from agriculture, around 8 percent from Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and 2.6 percent from waste.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In 2016, electricity production was the single largest source under the energy sector (thanks to its dependence on coal) that was responsible for about 40 percent of the total GHG emissions. In 2016, road transport was responsible for about 9 percent of total GHG emissions by the country. Residential buildings emitted almost 4 percent of total GHG emissions in 2016.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The total emissions of the energy sector were 21,29,428 Gg CO2e (Gigagram of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 2016, increasing by 11.50 percent from 2014. This sector constituted 93 percent of total national CO2 emissions in 2016. This was primarily from fossil fuel combustion, comprising energy industries and construction, manufacturing industries, transport and other sectors.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The transport sector is largely oil-dependent and accounted for 9.67 percent of the country&rsquo;s GHG emissions (without LULUCF).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) category emitted 2,26,407 Gg of CO2e in the year 2016 and accounted for 8 percent of the total GHG emissions. Within IPPU, cement production is the largest emission source, accounting for about 47 percent of total IPPU sector emissions.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The agriculture sector in the year 2016, emitted 4,07,821 Gg of CO2e, which amounted to around 14 percent of the emissions of India for that year, registering a decrease of 2.25 percent since 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The LULUCF sector was a net sink of 3,07,820 Gg CO2e during 2016, registering an increase in the sink activity of the sector. Cropland dominates the CO2 emissions/removal estimates for India for the year 2016. Forest land, Cropland and Settlement categories were net sinks while Grassland was a net source of CO2. About 15 percent of India&rsquo;s CO2 emissions were offset by the LULUCF sector.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The waste sector emitted 75,232 Gg CO2e to total GHG emissions in 2016. The waste sector was dominated by emissions from wastewater handling which account for more than 79 percent of the sectoral emissions and remaining 21 percent emissions from solid waste disposal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; On the financial needs of India&rsquo;s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs), estimates have already indicated that India would need at least USD 206 billion (at 2014-15 prices) between 2015 and 2030 for implementing adaptation actions in key areas. Mitigation requirements for even moderate low-carbon development have been projected to be in the range of USD 834 billion until 2030 at 2011 prices. Green Climate Fund finance to India is inadequate and is likely to fall drastically short of meeting India&rsquo;s finance requirements.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&#39;s annual average temperature is increasing at a statistically significant rate of 0.61 degree Celsius (C) per 100 years over the period 1901-2019. There is a significant increasing trend in the maximum temperature of 1 degree C per 100 years and a relatively lower increase, also significant, in minimum temperatures of 0.22 degree C per 100 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The year 2019 was the seventh warmest year on record since 1901 with annual mean surface air temperature +0.36 degree C above the 1981-2010 period average.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Between 1989 and 2018 there have been significant changes in the frequency of dry days, rainy days (rainfall of 2.5 mm or more but less than 6.5 cm), and heavy rainfall (rainfall of 6.5 cm or more).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A significant decreasing trend (at 99 percent level of confidence) of the frequency of intense cyclonic disturbances during monsoon season is noticed during the last 59 years from 1961 to 2019 over the Indian region.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Based on the observed cyclonic activities during 1891-2019, on an average 5 cyclones developed over the north Indian Ocean region in a year, with an average of 4 cyclone activities developing over the Bay of Bengal and 1 cyclone activity developing over the Arabian Sea.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; During 2019, eight cyclonic storms formed over the north Indian Ocean. Out of these eight systems, one system each formed during the winter and pre-monsoon season, over the Bay of Bengal.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The frequency and duration of heat waves over north-west India and the east coast of India have increased. The duration of heat waves over central and north-west India has increased by about five days over the past 50 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Monitoring of winter precipitation and temperature in the Western Himalaya suggests a significant increase in total precipitation but a decrease in snowfall from 1991 to 2015.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Most of the Himalayan glaciers are retreating and the rates of retreat have probably accelerated in the past few decades, but the observed tendencies are not regionally uniform. The mean rate of retreat is 14.2&plusmn;12.9 ma-1 (Water equivalent per unit area per year), but with high levels of uncertainty in the estimates.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Currently, sea levels along the Indian coast are rising. The long term average of sea level rise is about 1.7 mm/year. However, these are changing at different rates along the Indian coast.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In contrast to the huge emissions from forest fires globally, the emissions from forest fires in India contribute a mere 1.0-1.5 percent of all global emissions from wildfires, even though India accounted for 2 percent of the total global forest area in 2015, according to the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption grew from 19,669 MJ (megajoules) in 2011-12 to 24,453 MJ in 2018-19(P). In 2018-19(P), primary energy supply added up to 906.09 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per present estimates, India has a renewable energy potential of about 1,097,465 MW (Megawatt) for commercially exploitable sources viz. wind &ndash; 3,02,251 MW (at 100 m mast height), small hydro - 21,134 MW; bio-energy - 22,536 MW, solar power &ndash; 7,48,990 MW and industrial waste - 2,554 MW.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; In the year 2018-19(P), India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption was 24,453 MJ which is just one-third of the world average. Per capita energy consumption of India grew by 24.32 percent from 2011-12 to 2018-19.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Home हिन्दी

Time Bomb Ticking

What's Inside Counting The Cost 2022: A year of climate breakdown, published in December 2022 Global EV Outlook 2022: Securing supplies for an electric future WMO State of the Global Climate in 2021 report (released in May, 2022) Drought in Numbers 2022: Restoration for Readiness and Resilience (released in May, 2022) Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (released on April 4, 2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released on February 28, 2022) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (released on August 9, 2021) 25.87 Million Hectares (released in February, 2022) India State of Forest Report 2021 (released in January 2022) Press release by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dated 9th August, 2021 More Climate  Change  2021: The Physical Science Basis Press release by Centre for Science and Environment dated 9th August, 2021 The costs of climate change in India: A review of the climate-related risks facing India, and their economic and social costs (released in June 2021) India's Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021) State of Rural and Agrarian India Report 2020 (released on 30th November, 2020) Annual Report 2019-20 of the Reserve Bank of India (released in August, 2020) Assessment of climate change over the Indian region (released in June 2020) Economic Survey 2017-18, Volume-1 (released in January, 2018) Innovative Viable Solution to Rice Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Concurrent Use of Super Straw Management System-fitted Combines and Turbo Happy Seeder (October, 2017) Statistics Related to Climate Change-India 2015, prepared by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation SAARC-India Country Report 2015: Statistical Appraisal 4-degree Turn down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience (2013), The World Bank Gajah: Securing the Future for Elephants in India Compendium of Environment Statistics India 2008-2009 Report of the Committee to Evolve Road Map on Management of Wastes in India The State of World Population 2009 (UNFPA) State of Environment Report India 2009 Climate Change: India’s Perceptions, Positions, Policies and Possibilities Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns Less The key findings of India's Third Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (released in February 2021), prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, are as follows (please click here to access): • India's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including LULUCF i.e. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) has almost doubled from 1,229 MtCO2e (million tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 1994 to 2,531 MtCO2e in 2016. The energy sector added almost three-fourth of total emissions (without LULUCF) in 2016, followed by 14.4 percent from agriculture, around 8 percent from Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and 2.6 percent from waste. • In 2016, electricity production was the single largest source under the energy sector (thanks to its dependence on coal) that was responsible for about 40 percent of the total GHG emissions. In 2016, road transport was responsible for about 9 percent of total GHG emissions by the country. Residential buildings emitted almost 4 percent of total GHG emissions in 2016. • The total emissions of the energy sector were 21,29,428 Gg CO2e (Gigagram of Carbon dioxide equivalent) in 2016, increasing by 11.50 percent from 2014. This sector constituted 93 percent of total national CO2 emissions in 2016. This was primarily from fossil fuel combustion, comprising energy industries and construction, manufacturing industries, transport and other sectors. • The transport sector is largely oil-dependent and accounted for 9.67 percent of the country’s GHG emissions (without LULUCF). • The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) category emitted 2,26,407 Gg of CO2e in the year 2016 and accounted for 8 percent of the total GHG emissions. Within IPPU, cement production is the largest emission source, accounting for about 47 percent of total IPPU sector emissions. • The agriculture sector in the year 2016, emitted 4,07,821 Gg of CO2e, which amounted to around 14 percent of the emissions of India for that year, registering a decrease of 2.25 percent since 2014. • The LULUCF sector was a net sink of 3,07,820 Gg CO2e during 2016, registering an increase in the sink activity of the sector. Cropland dominates the CO2 emissions/removal estimates for India for the year 2016. Forest land, Cropland and Settlement categories were net sinks while Grassland was a net source of CO2. About 15 percent of India’s CO2 emissions were offset by the LULUCF sector. • The waste sector emitted 75,232 Gg CO2e to total GHG emissions in 2016. The waste sector was dominated by emissions from wastewater handling which account for more than 79 percent of the sectoral emissions and remaining 21 percent emissions from solid waste disposal. • On the financial needs of India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs), estimates have already indicated that India would need at least USD 206 billion (at 2014-15 prices) between 2015 and 2030 for implementing adaptation actions in key areas. Mitigation requirements for even moderate low-carbon development have been projected to be in the range of USD 834 billion until 2030 at 2011 prices. Green Climate Fund finance to India is inadequate and is likely to fall drastically short of meeting India’s finance requirements. • India's annual average temperature is increasing at a statistically significant rate of 0.61 degree Celsius (C) per 100 years over the period 1901-2019. There is a significant increasing trend in the maximum temperature of 1 degree C per 100 years and a relatively lower increase, also significant, in minimum temperatures of 0.22 degree C per 100 years. • The year 2019 was the seventh warmest year on record since 1901 with annual mean surface air temperature +0.36 degree C above the 1981-2010 period average. • Between 1989 and 2018 there have been significant changes in the frequency of dry days, rainy days (rainfall of 2.5 mm or more but less than 6.5 cm), and heavy rainfall (rainfall of 6.5 cm or more). • A significant decreasing trend (at 99 percent level of confidence) of the frequency of intense cyclonic disturbances during monsoon season is noticed during the last 59 years from 1961 to 2019 over the Indian region. • Based on the observed cyclonic activities during 1891-2019, on an average 5 cyclones developed over the north Indian Ocean region in a year, with an average of 4 cyclone activities developing over the Bay of Bengal and 1 cyclone activity developing over the Arabian Sea. • During 2019, eight cyclonic storms formed over the north Indian Ocean. Out of these eight systems, one system each formed during the winter and pre-monsoon season, over the Bay of Bengal. • The frequency and duration of heat waves over north-west India and the east coast of India have increased. The duration of heat waves over central and north-west India has increased by about five days over the past 50 years. • Monitoring of winter precipitation and temperature in the Western Himalaya suggests a significant increase in total precipitation but a decrease in snowfall from 1991 to 2015. • Most of the Himalayan glaciers are retreating and the rates of retreat have probably accelerated in the past few decades, but the observed tendencies are not regionally uniform. The mean rate of retreat is 14.2±12.9 ma-1 (Water equivalent per unit area per year), but with high levels of uncertainty in the estimates. • Currently, sea levels along the Indian coast are rising. The long term average of sea level rise is about 1.7 mm/year. However, these are changing at different rates along the Indian coast. • In contrast to the huge emissions from forest fires globally, the emissions from forest fires in India contribute a mere 1.0-1.5 percent of all global emissions from wildfires, even though India accounted for 2 percent of the total global forest area in 2015, according to the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). • India’s per capita energy consumption grew from 19,669 MJ (megajoules) in 2011-12 to 24,453 MJ in 2018-19(P). In 2018-19(P), primary energy supply added up to 906.09 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). • As per present estimates, India has a renewable energy potential of about 1,097,465 MW (Megawatt) for commercially exploitable sources viz. wind – 3,02,251 MW (at 100 m mast height), small hydro - 21,134 MW; bio-energy - 22,536 MW, solar power – 7,48,990 MW and industrial waste - 2,554 MW. • In the year 2018-19(P), India’s per capita energy consumption was 24,453 MJ which is just one-third of the world average. Per capita energy consumption of India grew by 24.32 percent from 2011-12 to 2018-19.   « previous123456789101112131415161718next »

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