Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#report-no-9-of-2021-performance-audit-of-ground-water-management-and-regulation-for-the-period-2013-18-laid-on-the-floor-of-the-parliament-on-21-december-2021">Report no 9 of 2021: Performance Audit of Ground Water Management and Regulation for the period 2013-18 (laid on the floor of the Parliament on 21 December, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#nss-report-no-584-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-nss-76th-round-july-2018-to-december-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS Report No. 584: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSS 76th Round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=3#cag39s-report-no-15-of-2018-performance-audit-of-national-rural-drinking-water-programme-published-on-7th-august-2018">CAG&#39;s Report No.15 of 2018 - Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (published on 7th August, 2018)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=4#51st-report-of-standing-committee-on-rural-development-related-to-the-status-of-swachh-bharat-mission-gramin-in-various-states-published-in-july-2018">51st Report of Standing Committee on Rural Development related to the status of Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin in various states (published in July, 2018)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=5#swachhta-status-report-2016">Swachhta Status Report 2016</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=6#economic-survey-2015-16">Economic Survey 2015-16</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=7#progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation-joint-monitoring-programme-update-2014">Progress on drinking water and sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme update 2014</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#key-indicators-of-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#whounicef-joint-monitoring-report-2012-progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation">WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2012: Progress on drinking water and sanitation</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#off-track-off-target-why-investment-in-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-is-not-reaching-those-who-need-it-most-2011">Off-track, off-target-Why investment in water, sanitation and hygiene is not reaching those who need it most (2011)</a>
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                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#providing-safe-water-evidence-from-randomized-evaluations">Providing Safe Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#housing-condition-and-amenities-in-india-2008-09-released-in-2010">Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 (released in 2010)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#progress-on-sanitation-and-drinking-water-2010-update-who-and-unicef">Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update (WHO and UNICEF)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the study titled <a name="combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>, prepared by The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage and WHO, <a href="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf" title="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf">http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf</a>: &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Globally, 1.1 billion lack access to an &ldquo;improved&rdquo; drinking water supply; many more drink water that is grossly contaminated.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4 billion cases of diarrhoea occur annually, of which 88% is attributable to unsafe water, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, the vast majority children under 5. 90% of diarrhoeal deaths are borne by children under five, mostly in developing countries.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle whereby poor populations become further disadvantaged, and poverty becomes entrenched.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WHO estimates that 94% of diarrhoeal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including through interventions to increase the availability of clean water, and to improve sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A 2005 systematic review concluded that diarrhoeal episodes are reduced by 25% through improving water supply, 32% by improving sanitation, 45% through hand washing, and by 39% via household water treatment and safe storage.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A growing body of research suggests household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS):a. dramatically improves microbial water quality; b. significantly reduces diarrhoea; c. is among the most effective of water, sanitation and health interventions; d. is highly cost-effective; and e. can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Existing low-cost technologies for safe drinking water are: a. Chlorination &ndash; adding chlorine in liquid or tablet form to drinking water stored in a protected container; b. Solar disinfection &ndash; exposing water in disposable clear plastic bottles to sunlight for a day, typically on the roof of a house; c. Filtration; d. Combined flocculation /disinfection systems&ndash;adding powders or tablets to coagulate and flocculate sediments in water followed by a timed release of disinfectant; e. boiling; f. Safe storage<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many low-cost HWTS technologies do not come with clear labels and reliable accreditations attesting to their ability to provide &ldquo;safe&rdquo; water. This has led to uncertainty and confusion among consumers and other stakeholders.<br /><br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to the <a name="11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a></span><br /><a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th<br />/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf</a>:</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The status of provision of water and sanitation has improved slowly. According to Census 1991, 55.54% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. As on 1 April 2007, the Department of Drinking Water Supply&rsquo;s figures show that out of a total of 1,50,7349 rural habitations in the country, 74.39% (11,21,366 habitations) are fully covered and 14.64% (2,20,165 habitations) are partially covered. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;Present estimates shows that out of the 2.17 lakh water quality affected habitation as on 1.4.05, about 70,000 habitations have since been addressed for providing safe drinking water.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The access to toilets is even poorer. As per the latest Census data (2001), only 36.4% of the total population has latrines within or attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9% of population has latrines within or attached to their houses. An estimate based on the number of individual household toilets constructed under the TSC programme (a demand-driven programme implemented since 1999) puts the sanitation coverage in the country at about 49% (as on November 2007). </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;An evaluation study on the programme conducted in 2002 shows 80% of toilets constructed were put to use. This use is expected to be much higher as awareness has improved much since 2002.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The GoI&rsquo;s major intervention in water sector started in 1972&ndash;73 through Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) for assisting States/Uts to accelerate the coverage of drinking water supply. In 1986, the entire programme was given a mission approach with the launch of the Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related Water Management. This Technology Mission was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991&ndash;92. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;In 1999, Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) was formed under the MoRD to give emphasis to rural water supply as well as on sanitation. In the same year, new initiatives in water sector had been initiated through Sector Reform Project, later it was scaled up as Swajaldhara in 2002. With sustained interventions, DDWS remains an important institution to support the States/UTs in serving the rural population with water and sanitation related services all across India.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;There are about 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations in the country with more than half of the habitations affected with excess iron (118088). This is followed by fluoride (31306), salinity (23495), nitrate (13958), arsenic (5029) in that order. There are about 25000 habitations affected with multiple problems. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;About 66 million population is at risk due to excess fluoride in 200 districts of 17 States. Arsenic contamination is widespread in West Bengal and it is now seen in Bihar, eastern UP, and Assam. The hand pump attached de-fluoridation and iron removal plants have failed due to in appropriate technology unsuited to community perceptions and their involvement. Desalination plants have also met a similar fate due to lapses at various levels starting with planning to post implementation maintenance.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;To &lsquo;provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the Eleventh Plan&rsquo; is one of the monitorable targets of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The first part of the goal coincides with the terminal year of Bharat Nirman Programme under which it is proposed to provide safe drinking water to all habitations. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme 55,067 not covered habitations, 2.8 lakh slipped back habitations, and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are proposed to be covered.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Water and Sanitation</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#report-no-9-of-2021-performance-audit-of-ground-water-management-and-regulation-for-the-period-2013-18-laid-on-the-floor-of-the-parliament-on-21-december-2021">Report no 9 of 2021: Performance Audit of Ground Water Management and Regulation for the period 2013-18 (laid on the floor of the Parliament on 21 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#nss-report-no-584-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-nss-76th-round-july-2018-to-december-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS Report No. 584: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSS 76th Round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=3#cag39s-report-no-15-of-2018-performance-audit-of-national-rural-drinking-water-programme-published-on-7th-august-2018">CAG&#39;s Report No.15 of 2018 - Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (published on 7th August, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=4#51st-report-of-standing-committee-on-rural-development-related-to-the-status-of-swachh-bharat-mission-gramin-in-various-states-published-in-july-2018">51st Report of Standing Committee on Rural Development related to the status of Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin in various states (published in July, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=5#swachhta-status-report-2016">Swachhta Status Report 2016</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=6#economic-survey-2015-16">Economic Survey 2015-16</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=7#progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation-joint-monitoring-programme-update-2014">Progress on drinking water and sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme update 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#key-indicators-of-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#whounicef-joint-monitoring-report-2012-progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation">WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2012: Progress on drinking water and sanitation</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#off-track-off-target-why-investment-in-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-is-not-reaching-those-who-need-it-most-2011">Off-track, off-target-Why investment in water, sanitation and hygiene is not reaching those who need it most (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#providing-safe-water-evidence-from-randomized-evaluations">Providing Safe Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#housing-condition-and-amenities-in-india-2008-09-released-in-2010">Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 (released in 2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#progress-on-sanitation-and-drinking-water-2010-update-who-and-unicef">Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update (WHO and UNICEF)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the study titled <a name="combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>, prepared by The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage and WHO, <a href="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf" title="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf">http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf</a>: &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Globally, 1.1 billion lack access to an &ldquo;improved&rdquo; drinking water supply; many more drink water that is grossly contaminated.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4 billion cases of diarrhoea occur annually, of which 88% is attributable to unsafe water, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, the vast majority children under 5. 90% of diarrhoeal deaths are borne by children under five, mostly in developing countries.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle whereby poor populations become further disadvantaged, and poverty becomes entrenched.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WHO estimates that 94% of diarrhoeal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including through interventions to increase the availability of clean water, and to improve sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A 2005 systematic review concluded that diarrhoeal episodes are reduced by 25% through improving water supply, 32% by improving sanitation, 45% through hand washing, and by 39% via household water treatment and safe storage.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A growing body of research suggests household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS):a. dramatically improves microbial water quality; b. significantly reduces diarrhoea; c. is among the most effective of water, sanitation and health interventions; d. is highly cost-effective; and e. can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Existing low-cost technologies for safe drinking water are: a. Chlorination &ndash; adding chlorine in liquid or tablet form to drinking water stored in a protected container; b. Solar disinfection &ndash; exposing water in disposable clear plastic bottles to sunlight for a day, typically on the roof of a house; c. Filtration; d. Combined flocculation /disinfection systems&ndash;adding powders or tablets to coagulate and flocculate sediments in water followed by a timed release of disinfectant; e. boiling; f. Safe storage<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many low-cost HWTS technologies do not come with clear labels and reliable accreditations attesting to their ability to provide &ldquo;safe&rdquo; water. This has led to uncertainty and confusion among consumers and other stakeholders.<br /><br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to the <a name="11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a></span><br /><a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th<br />/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf</a>:</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The status of provision of water and sanitation has improved slowly. According to Census 1991, 55.54% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. As on 1 April 2007, the Department of Drinking Water Supply&rsquo;s figures show that out of a total of 1,50,7349 rural habitations in the country, 74.39% (11,21,366 habitations) are fully covered and 14.64% (2,20,165 habitations) are partially covered. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;Present estimates shows that out of the 2.17 lakh water quality affected habitation as on 1.4.05, about 70,000 habitations have since been addressed for providing safe drinking water.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The access to toilets is even poorer. As per the latest Census data (2001), only 36.4% of the total population has latrines within or attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9% of population has latrines within or attached to their houses. An estimate based on the number of individual household toilets constructed under the TSC programme (a demand-driven programme implemented since 1999) puts the sanitation coverage in the country at about 49% (as on November 2007). </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;An evaluation study on the programme conducted in 2002 shows 80% of toilets constructed were put to use. This use is expected to be much higher as awareness has improved much since 2002.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The GoI&rsquo;s major intervention in water sector started in 1972&ndash;73 through Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) for assisting States/Uts to accelerate the coverage of drinking water supply. In 1986, the entire programme was given a mission approach with the launch of the Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related Water Management. This Technology Mission was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991&ndash;92. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;In 1999, Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) was formed under the MoRD to give emphasis to rural water supply as well as on sanitation. In the same year, new initiatives in water sector had been initiated through Sector Reform Project, later it was scaled up as Swajaldhara in 2002. With sustained interventions, DDWS remains an important institution to support the States/UTs in serving the rural population with water and sanitation related services all across India.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;There are about 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations in the country with more than half of the habitations affected with excess iron (118088). This is followed by fluoride (31306), salinity (23495), nitrate (13958), arsenic (5029) in that order. There are about 25000 habitations affected with multiple problems. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;About 66 million population is at risk due to excess fluoride in 200 districts of 17 States. Arsenic contamination is widespread in West Bengal and it is now seen in Bihar, eastern UP, and Assam. The hand pump attached de-fluoridation and iron removal plants have failed due to in appropriate technology unsuited to community perceptions and their involvement. Desalination plants have also met a similar fate due to lapses at various levels starting with planning to post implementation maintenance.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;To &lsquo;provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the Eleventh Plan&rsquo; is one of the monitorable targets of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The first part of the goal coincides with the terminal year of Bharat Nirman Programme under which it is proposed to provide safe drinking water to all habitations. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme 55,067 not covered habitations, 2.8 lakh slipped back habitations, and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are proposed to be covered.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Water and Sanitation</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#report-no-9-of-2021-performance-audit-of-ground-water-management-and-regulation-for-the-period-2013-18-laid-on-the-floor-of-the-parliament-on-21-december-2021">Report no 9 of 2021: Performance Audit of Ground Water Management and Regulation for the period 2013-18 (laid on the floor of the Parliament on 21 December, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=2#nss-report-no-584-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-nss-76th-round-july-2018-to-december-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS Report No. 584: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSS 76th Round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=3#cag39s-report-no-15-of-2018-performance-audit-of-national-rural-drinking-water-programme-published-on-7th-august-2018">CAG&#39;s Report No.15 of 2018 - Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (published on 7th August, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=4#51st-report-of-standing-committee-on-rural-development-related-to-the-status-of-swachh-bharat-mission-gramin-in-various-states-published-in-july-2018">51st Report of Standing Committee on Rural Development related to the status of Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin in various states (published in July, 2018)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=5#swachhta-status-report-2016">Swachhta Status Report 2016</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=6#economic-survey-2015-16">Economic Survey 2015-16</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=7#progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation-joint-monitoring-programme-update-2014">Progress on drinking water and sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme update 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#key-indicators-of-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-housing-condition-in-india-july-2012-to-december-2012">Key Indicators of Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India (July 2012 to December 2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=8#whounicef-joint-monitoring-report-2012-progress-on-drinking-water-and-sanitation">WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2012: Progress on drinking water and sanitation</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#off-track-off-target-why-investment-in-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-is-not-reaching-those-who-need-it-most-2011">Off-track, off-target-Why investment in water, sanitation and hygiene is not reaching those who need it most (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=9#providing-safe-water-evidence-from-randomized-evaluations">Providing Safe Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#housing-condition-and-amenities-in-india-2008-09-released-in-2010">Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 (released in 2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=10#progress-on-sanitation-and-drinking-water-2010-update-who-and-unicef">Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update (WHO and UNICEF)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html?pgno=11#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the study titled <a name="combating-waterborne-disease-at-the-household-level-2007">Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007)</a>, prepared by The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage and WHO, <a href="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf" title="http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf">http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf</a>: &nbsp;<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Globally, 1.1 billion lack access to an &ldquo;improved&rdquo; drinking water supply; many more drink water that is grossly contaminated.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4 billion cases of diarrhoea occur annually, of which 88% is attributable to unsafe water, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, the vast majority children under 5. 90% of diarrhoeal deaths are borne by children under five, mostly in developing countries.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle whereby poor populations become further disadvantaged, and poverty becomes entrenched.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WHO estimates that 94% of diarrhoeal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including through interventions to increase the availability of clean water, and to improve sanitation and hygiene.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A 2005 systematic review concluded that diarrhoeal episodes are reduced by 25% through improving water supply, 32% by improving sanitation, 45% through hand washing, and by 39% via household water treatment and safe storage.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A growing body of research suggests household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS):a. dramatically improves microbial water quality; b. significantly reduces diarrhoea; c. is among the most effective of water, sanitation and health interventions; d. is highly cost-effective; and e. can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Existing low-cost technologies for safe drinking water are: a. Chlorination &ndash; adding chlorine in liquid or tablet form to drinking water stored in a protected container; b. Solar disinfection &ndash; exposing water in disposable clear plastic bottles to sunlight for a day, typically on the roof of a house; c. Filtration; d. Combined flocculation /disinfection systems&ndash;adding powders or tablets to coagulate and flocculate sediments in water followed by a timed release of disinfectant; e. boiling; f. Safe storage<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many low-cost HWTS technologies do not come with clear labels and reliable accreditations attesting to their ability to provide &ldquo;safe&rdquo; water. This has led to uncertainty and confusion among consumers and other stakeholders.<br /><br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to the <a name="11th-five-year-plan">11th Five Year Plan</a></span><br /><a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th<br />/11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf</a>:</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The status of provision of water and sanitation has improved slowly. According to Census 1991, 55.54% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. As on 1 April 2007, the Department of Drinking Water Supply&rsquo;s figures show that out of a total of 1,50,7349 rural habitations in the country, 74.39% (11,21,366 habitations) are fully covered and 14.64% (2,20,165 habitations) are partially covered. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;Present estimates shows that out of the 2.17 lakh water quality affected habitation as on 1.4.05, about 70,000 habitations have since been addressed for providing safe drinking water.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The access to toilets is even poorer. As per the latest Census data (2001), only 36.4% of the total population has latrines within or attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9% of population has latrines within or attached to their houses. An estimate based on the number of individual household toilets constructed under the TSC programme (a demand-driven programme implemented since 1999) puts the sanitation coverage in the country at about 49% (as on November 2007). </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;An evaluation study on the programme conducted in 2002 shows 80% of toilets constructed were put to use. This use is expected to be much higher as awareness has improved much since 2002.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;The GoI&rsquo;s major intervention in water sector started in 1972&ndash;73 through Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) for assisting States/Uts to accelerate the coverage of drinking water supply. In 1986, the entire programme was given a mission approach with the launch of the Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related Water Management. This Technology Mission was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991&ndash;92. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;In 1999, Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) was formed under the MoRD to give emphasis to rural water supply as well as on sanitation. In the same year, new initiatives in water sector had been initiated through Sector Reform Project, later it was scaled up as Swajaldhara in 2002. With sustained interventions, DDWS remains an important institution to support the States/UTs in serving the rural population with water and sanitation related services all across India.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;There are about 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations in the country with more than half of the habitations affected with excess iron (118088). This is followed by fluoride (31306), salinity (23495), nitrate (13958), arsenic (5029) in that order. There are about 25000 habitations affected with multiple problems. </span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;About 66 million population is at risk due to excess fluoride in 200 districts of 17 States. Arsenic contamination is widespread in West Bengal and it is now seen in Bihar, eastern UP, and Assam. The hand pump attached de-fluoridation and iron removal plants have failed due to in appropriate technology unsuited to community perceptions and their involvement. Desalination plants have also met a similar fate due to lapses at various levels starting with planning to post implementation maintenance.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">&iuml;&fnof;&tilde;&nbsp;To &lsquo;provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the Eleventh Plan&rsquo; is one of the monitorable targets of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The first part of the goal coincides with the terminal year of Bharat Nirman Programme under which it is proposed to provide safe drinking water to all habitations. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme 55,067 not covered habitations, 2.8 lakh slipped back habitations, and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are proposed to be covered.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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Water and Sanitation

What's Inside Report no 9 of 2021: Performance Audit of Ground Water Management and Regulation for the period 2013-18 (laid on the floor of the Parliament on 21 December, 2021) NSS Report No. 584: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSS 76th Round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019) CAG's Report No.15 of 2018 - Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (published on 7th August, 2018) 51st Report of Standing Committee on Rural Development related to the status of Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin in various states (published in July, 2018) Swachhta Status Report 2016 Economic Survey 2015-16 Progress on drinking water and sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme update 2014 Key Indicators of Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India (July 2012 to December 2012) WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2012: Progress on drinking water and sanitation Off-track, off-target-Why investment in water, sanitation and hygiene is not reaching those who need it most (2011) More Providing Safe Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 (released in 2010) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update (WHO and UNICEF) Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007) 11th Five Year Plan Less   According to the study titled Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level (2007), prepared by The International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage and WHO, http://www.who.int/household_water/advocacy/combating_disease.pdf:   •    Globally, 1.1 billion lack access to an “improved” drinking water supply; many more drink water that is grossly contaminated. •    4 billion cases of diarrhoea occur annually, of which 88% is attributable to unsafe water, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. •    1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, the vast majority children under 5. 90% of diarrhoeal deaths are borne by children under five, mostly in developing countries. •    Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle whereby poor populations become further disadvantaged, and poverty becomes entrenched. •    WHO estimates that 94% of diarrhoeal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including through interventions to increase the availability of clean water, and to improve sanitation and hygiene. •    A 2005 systematic review concluded that diarrhoeal episodes are reduced by 25% through improving water supply, 32% by improving sanitation, 45% through hand washing, and by 39% via household water treatment and safe storage. •    A growing body of research suggests household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS):a. dramatically improves microbial water quality; b. significantly reduces diarrhoea; c. is among the most effective of water, sanitation and health interventions; d. is highly cost-effective; and e. can be rapidly deployed and taken up by vulnerable populations. •    Existing low-cost technologies for safe drinking water are: a. Chlorination – adding chlorine in liquid or tablet form to drinking water stored in a protected container; b. Solar disinfection – exposing water in disposable clear plastic bottles to sunlight for a day, typically on the roof of a house; c. Filtration; d. Combined flocculation /disinfection systems–adding powders or tablets to coagulate and flocculate sediments in water followed by a timed release of disinfectant; e. boiling; f. Safe storage •    Many low-cost HWTS technologies do not come with clear labels and reliable accreditations attesting to their ability to provide “safe” water. This has led to uncertainty and confusion among consumers and other stakeholders.   According to the 11th Five Year Plan http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th /11_v2/11v2_ch5.pdf:    The status of provision of water and sanitation has improved slowly. According to Census 1991, 55.54% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. As on 1 April 2007, the Department of Drinking Water Supply’s figures show that out of a total of 1,50,7349 rural habitations in the country, 74.39% (11,21,366 habitations) are fully covered and 14.64% (2,20,165 habitations) are partially covered.  Present estimates shows that out of the 2.17 lakh water quality affected habitation as on 1.4.05, about 70,000 habitations have since been addressed for providing safe drinking water.  The access to toilets is even poorer. As per the latest Census data (2001), only 36.4% of the total population has latrines within or attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9% of population has latrines within or attached to their houses. An estimate based on the number of individual household toilets constructed under the TSC programme (a demand-driven programme implemented since 1999) puts the sanitation coverage in the country at about 49% (as on November 2007).  An evaluation study on the programme conducted in 2002 shows 80% of toilets constructed were put to use. This use is expected to be much higher as awareness has improved much since 2002.  The GoI’s major intervention in water sector started in 1972–73 through Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) for assisting States/Uts to accelerate the coverage of drinking water supply. In 1986, the entire programme was given a mission approach with the launch of the Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related Water Management. This Technology Mission was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) in 1991–92.  In 1999, Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) was formed under the MoRD to give emphasis to rural water supply as well as on sanitation. In the same year, new initiatives in water sector had been initiated through Sector Reform Project, later it was scaled up as Swajaldhara in 2002. With sustained interventions, DDWS remains an important institution to support the States/UTs in serving the rural population with water and sanitation related services all across India.  There are about 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations in the country with more than half of the habitations affected with excess iron (118088). This is followed by fluoride (31306), salinity (23495), nitrate (13958), arsenic (5029) in that order. There are about 25000 habitations affected with multiple problems.  About 66 million population is at risk due to excess fluoride in 200 districts of 17 States. Arsenic contamination is widespread in West Bengal and it is now seen in Bihar, eastern UP, and Assam. The hand pump attached de-fluoridation and iron removal plants have failed due to in appropriate technology unsuited to community perceptions and their involvement. Desalination plants have also met a similar fate due to lapses at various levels starting with planning to post implementation maintenance.  To ‘provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the Eleventh Plan’ is one of the monitorable targets of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The first part of the goal coincides with the terminal year of Bharat Nirman Programme under which it is proposed to provide safe drinking water to all habitations. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme 55,067 not covered habitations, 2.8 lakh slipped back habitations, and 2.17 lakh quality-affected habitations are proposed to be covered.   « previous123456789101112next »

 

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