Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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        Hunger / HDI | Public Health    </title>
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&bull; The 2019&nbsp;India&nbsp;TB&nbsp;report&nbsp;says&nbsp;that the&nbsp;country&nbsp;accounted for a quarter of the global tuberculosis (TB) burden with an estimated 27 lakh cases in 2018. In 2018, the country was able to achieve a total notification of 21.5 lakh TB cases, of which..."/>
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&bull; The 2019&nbsp;India&nbsp;TB&nbsp;report&nbsp;says&nbsp;that the&nbsp;country&nbsp;accounted for a quarter of the global tuberculosis (TB) burden with an estimated 27 lakh cases in 2018. In 2018, the country was able to achieve a total notification of 21.5 lakh TB cases, of which..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#global-tuberculosis-report-2022-released-in-october-2022">Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=3#rural-health-statistics-2020-21-released-in-may-2022">Rural Health Statistics 2020-21 (released in May 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=4#india-tb-report-2022-coming-together-to-end-tb-altogether-released-in-march-2022">India TB Report 2022: Coming Together to End TB Altogether (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-jan-swasthya-abhiyan-dated-february-2-2022">Press release by Jan Swasthya Abhiyan dated February 2, 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#securing-rights-of-patients-in-india-lessons-from-rapid-surveys-on-peoplesrsquo-experiences-of-patientrsquos-rights-charter-and-the-covid-19-vaccination-drive-released-on-18-november-2021">Securing Rights of Patients in India: Lessons from rapid surveys on peoples&rsquo; experiences of Patient&rsquo;s Rights Charter and the COVID-19 vaccination drive (released on 18 November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#39covid-19-third-wave-preparedness-childrenrsquos-vulnerability-and-recovery39-released-on-2nd-august-2021">&#39;COVID-19 Third Wave Preparedness: Children&rsquo;s Vulnerability and Recovery&#39; (released on 2nd August, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#oxfam-india39s-inequality-report-2021-india39s-unequal-healthcare-story-released-on-19th-july-2021">Oxfam India&#39;s Inequality Report 2021: India&#39;s Unequal Healthcare Story (released on 19th July, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#standard-operating-procedure-sop-on-covid-19-containment-and-management-in-peri-urban-rural-and-tribal-areas">Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) on COVID-19 Containment and Management in Peri-urban, Rural and Tribal areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#rural-health-statistics-2019-20-released-in-april-2021">Rural Health Statistics 2019-20 (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#india-fact-sheet-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">India Fact Sheet of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#executive-summary-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">Executive Summary of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#a-neglected-tragedy-the-global-burden-of-stillbirths-report-of-the-un-inter-agency-group-for-child-mortality-estimation-2020-released-in-october-2020">A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths -- Report of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2020 (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=9#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2018-released-in-june-2020">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2018 (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#faq-on-covid-19-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-health-and-family-welfare">FAQ on COVID-19 prepared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#containment-plan-for-large-outbreaks-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019">Containment Plan for Large Outbreaks Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#background-note-on-covid-19">Background Note on COVID-19</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#statement-on-the-covid-19-pandemic">Statement on the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#high-level-group-on-health-sector-2019-submitted-to-the-fifteenth-finance-commission-of-india">High Level Group on Health Sector (2019), submitted to the Fifteenth Finance Commission of India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=11#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=12#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=13#national-health-profile-2018-13th-issue">National Health Profile 2018, 13th Issue</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=14#india-health-of-the-nationrsquos-states-the-india-state-level-disease-burden-initiative-disease-burden-trends-in-the-states-of-india-1990-to-2016-released-in-october-2017">India: Health of the Nation&rsquo;s States - The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, Disease Burden Trends in the States of India 1990 to 2016 (released in October, 2017) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=15#national-health-accounts-estimates-for-india-2014-15-released-in-october-2017">National Health Accounts: Estimates for India 2014-15 (released in October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-policy-2017">National Health Policy 2017</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-profile-2015">National Health Profile 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=17#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Health (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=18#draft-national-health-policy-2015-published-in-december-2014">Draft National Health Policy 2015 (published in December 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#rural-health-statistics-in-india-2012">Rural Health Statistics in India 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#committing-to-child-survival-a-promise-renewed-progress-report-2013">Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#pneumonia-progress-report-2012">Pneumonia Progress Report, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#defeating-malaria-in-asia-the-pacific-americas-middle-east-and-europe-november-2012">Defeating malaria in Asia, the Pacific, Americas, Middle East and Europe, November, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#who-global-report-mortality-attributable-to-tobacco-2012">WHO Global Report: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#the-growing-danger-of-non-communicable-diseases-acting-now-to-reverse-course-2011">The Growing Danger of Non-Communicable Diseases: Acting Now to Reverse Course (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=24#aids-at-30-nations-at-the-crossroads-2011">AIDS at 30: Nations at the crossroads (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#a-fair-chance-at-life-why-equity-matters-for-children-2010">A Fair Chance at Life: Why Equity Matters for Children (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#women-on-the-front-lines-of-health-care-state-of-the-world39s-mothers-2010">Women on the Front Lines of Health Care, State of the World&#39;s Mothers 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#performance-audit-report-no-8-of-2009-10">Performance Audit-Report No. 8 of 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#lsquodiarrhoea-why-children-are-still-dying-and-what-can-be-donersquo-2009">&lsquo;Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done?&rsquo; (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#world-health-statistics-2009">World Health Statistics 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The report entitled <a name="economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a> (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases">click here</a>&nbsp;to download the Executive Summary), supported by the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, Government of India and the WHO Country Office for India, was developed by the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The report estimates direct and indirect costs from all diseases caused due to tobacco use and four specific diseases namely, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The report also highlights that tobacco use and the associated costs are creating an enormous burden for the nation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The total economic costs attributable to tobacco use from all diseases in India in the year 2011 for persons aged 35-69 amounted to Rs. 104500 crores of which 16 percent was direct cost and 84 percent was indirect cost.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the report, massive direct medical costs of tobacco attributable diseases amount to Rs.16,800 crore and associated indirect morbidity cost of Rs. 14,700 crore. The cost from premature mortality is Rs. 73,000 crores, indicating a substantial productive loss to the nation, the report states.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the United Nations&#39; report (released in May, 2014) entitled <a name="trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>, (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013">click here</a>&nbsp;to download):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Indian scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)* in India stood at 560 maternal deaths (per 100000 live births) during 1990, 460 during 1995, 370 during 2000, 280 during 2005 and 190 during 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As compared to India (MMR: 190 per 100000 live births), Brazil (MMR: 69) and China (MMR: 32) performed better in reducing maternal deaths.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; An Indian woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death** &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 190, whereas for a Chinese woman it is 1 in 1800 and for a Brazilian woman it is 1 in 780.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the country level, the two countries that accounted for one third of all global maternal deaths are India at 17 percent (50000) and Nigeria at 14 percent (40000).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM)*** in India is 6.7 percent whereas for China it is 1.6 percent and for Brazil it is 2.8 percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The ten countries that comprised 58 percent of the global maternal deaths reported in 2013 are: India (50000, 17%); Nigeria (40000, 14%); Democratic Republic of the Congo (21000, 7%); Ethiopia (13000, 4%); Indonesia (8800, 3%); Pakistan (7900, 3%); United Republic of Tanzania (7900, 3%); Kenya (6300, 2%); China (5900, 2%); Uganda (5900, 2%).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India could reduce MMR by 65 percent between 1990 and 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The present report has classified India among 96 countries with incomplete civil registration and/or other types of maternal mortality data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Global scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Under MDG5, countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990, maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 45%. However, between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) declined by only 2.6% per year. This is far from the annual decline of 5.5% required to achieve MDG5.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. More than half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost one third occur in South Asia.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries in 2013 is 230 per 100 000 live births versus 16 per 100 000 live births in developed countries.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 3700 in developed countries, versus 1 in 160 in developing countries.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The major complications that account for 80% of all maternal deaths are: a. severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth); b. infections (usually after childbirth); c. high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia); and d. unsafe abortion. The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy. Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While levels of antenatal care have increased in many parts of the world during the past decade, only 46 percent of women in low-income countries benefit from skilled care during childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Other factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth are: poverty, distance, lack of information, inadequate services and cultural practices.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">* Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100000 live births during the same time period.</p><p style="text-align:justify">** Adult lifetime risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old women will die eventually from a maternal cause.</p><p style="text-align:justify">*** Proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15&ndash;49 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#global-tuberculosis-report-2022-released-in-october-2022">Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=3#rural-health-statistics-2020-21-released-in-may-2022">Rural Health Statistics 2020-21 (released in May 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=4#india-tb-report-2022-coming-together-to-end-tb-altogether-released-in-march-2022">India TB Report 2022: Coming Together to End TB Altogether (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-jan-swasthya-abhiyan-dated-february-2-2022">Press release by Jan Swasthya Abhiyan dated February 2, 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#securing-rights-of-patients-in-india-lessons-from-rapid-surveys-on-peoplesrsquo-experiences-of-patientrsquos-rights-charter-and-the-covid-19-vaccination-drive-released-on-18-november-2021">Securing Rights of Patients in India: Lessons from rapid surveys on peoples&rsquo; experiences of Patient&rsquo;s Rights Charter and the COVID-19 vaccination drive (released on 18 November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#39covid-19-third-wave-preparedness-childrenrsquos-vulnerability-and-recovery39-released-on-2nd-august-2021">&#39;COVID-19 Third Wave Preparedness: Children&rsquo;s Vulnerability and Recovery&#39; (released on 2nd August, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#oxfam-india39s-inequality-report-2021-india39s-unequal-healthcare-story-released-on-19th-july-2021">Oxfam India&#39;s Inequality Report 2021: India&#39;s Unequal Healthcare Story (released on 19th July, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#standard-operating-procedure-sop-on-covid-19-containment-and-management-in-peri-urban-rural-and-tribal-areas">Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) on COVID-19 Containment and Management in Peri-urban, Rural and Tribal areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#rural-health-statistics-2019-20-released-in-april-2021">Rural Health Statistics 2019-20 (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#india-fact-sheet-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">India Fact Sheet of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#executive-summary-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">Executive Summary of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#a-neglected-tragedy-the-global-burden-of-stillbirths-report-of-the-un-inter-agency-group-for-child-mortality-estimation-2020-released-in-october-2020">A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths -- Report of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2020 (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=9#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2018-released-in-june-2020">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2018 (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#faq-on-covid-19-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-health-and-family-welfare">FAQ on COVID-19 prepared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#containment-plan-for-large-outbreaks-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019">Containment Plan for Large Outbreaks Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#background-note-on-covid-19">Background Note on COVID-19</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#statement-on-the-covid-19-pandemic">Statement on the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#high-level-group-on-health-sector-2019-submitted-to-the-fifteenth-finance-commission-of-india">High Level Group on Health Sector (2019), submitted to the Fifteenth Finance Commission of India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=11#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=12#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=13#national-health-profile-2018-13th-issue">National Health Profile 2018, 13th Issue</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=14#india-health-of-the-nationrsquos-states-the-india-state-level-disease-burden-initiative-disease-burden-trends-in-the-states-of-india-1990-to-2016-released-in-october-2017">India: Health of the Nation&rsquo;s States - The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, Disease Burden Trends in the States of India 1990 to 2016 (released in October, 2017) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=15#national-health-accounts-estimates-for-india-2014-15-released-in-october-2017">National Health Accounts: Estimates for India 2014-15 (released in October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-policy-2017">National Health Policy 2017</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-profile-2015">National Health Profile 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=17#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Health (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=18#draft-national-health-policy-2015-published-in-december-2014">Draft National Health Policy 2015 (published in December 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#rural-health-statistics-in-india-2012">Rural Health Statistics in India 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#committing-to-child-survival-a-promise-renewed-progress-report-2013">Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#pneumonia-progress-report-2012">Pneumonia Progress Report, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#defeating-malaria-in-asia-the-pacific-americas-middle-east-and-europe-november-2012">Defeating malaria in Asia, the Pacific, Americas, Middle East and Europe, November, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#who-global-report-mortality-attributable-to-tobacco-2012">WHO Global Report: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#the-growing-danger-of-non-communicable-diseases-acting-now-to-reverse-course-2011">The Growing Danger of Non-Communicable Diseases: Acting Now to Reverse Course (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=24#aids-at-30-nations-at-the-crossroads-2011">AIDS at 30: Nations at the crossroads (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#a-fair-chance-at-life-why-equity-matters-for-children-2010">A Fair Chance at Life: Why Equity Matters for Children (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#women-on-the-front-lines-of-health-care-state-of-the-world39s-mothers-2010">Women on the Front Lines of Health Care, State of the World&#39;s Mothers 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#performance-audit-report-no-8-of-2009-10">Performance Audit-Report No. 8 of 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#lsquodiarrhoea-why-children-are-still-dying-and-what-can-be-donersquo-2009">&lsquo;Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done?&rsquo; (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#world-health-statistics-2009">World Health Statistics 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The report entitled <a name="economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a> (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases">click here</a>&nbsp;to download the Executive Summary), supported by the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, Government of India and the WHO Country Office for India, was developed by the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The report estimates direct and indirect costs from all diseases caused due to tobacco use and four specific diseases namely, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The report also highlights that tobacco use and the associated costs are creating an enormous burden for the nation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The total economic costs attributable to tobacco use from all diseases in India in the year 2011 for persons aged 35-69 amounted to Rs. 104500 crores of which 16 percent was direct cost and 84 percent was indirect cost.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the report, massive direct medical costs of tobacco attributable diseases amount to Rs.16,800 crore and associated indirect morbidity cost of Rs. 14,700 crore. The cost from premature mortality is Rs. 73,000 crores, indicating a substantial productive loss to the nation, the report states.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the United Nations&#39; report (released in May, 2014) entitled <a name="trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>, (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013">click here</a>&nbsp;to download):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Indian scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)* in India stood at 560 maternal deaths (per 100000 live births) during 1990, 460 during 1995, 370 during 2000, 280 during 2005 and 190 during 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As compared to India (MMR: 190 per 100000 live births), Brazil (MMR: 69) and China (MMR: 32) performed better in reducing maternal deaths.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; An Indian woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death** &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 190, whereas for a Chinese woman it is 1 in 1800 and for a Brazilian woman it is 1 in 780.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the country level, the two countries that accounted for one third of all global maternal deaths are India at 17 percent (50000) and Nigeria at 14 percent (40000).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM)*** in India is 6.7 percent whereas for China it is 1.6 percent and for Brazil it is 2.8 percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The ten countries that comprised 58 percent of the global maternal deaths reported in 2013 are: India (50000, 17%); Nigeria (40000, 14%); Democratic Republic of the Congo (21000, 7%); Ethiopia (13000, 4%); Indonesia (8800, 3%); Pakistan (7900, 3%); United Republic of Tanzania (7900, 3%); Kenya (6300, 2%); China (5900, 2%); Uganda (5900, 2%).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India could reduce MMR by 65 percent between 1990 and 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The present report has classified India among 96 countries with incomplete civil registration and/or other types of maternal mortality data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Global scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Under MDG5, countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990, maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 45%. However, between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) declined by only 2.6% per year. This is far from the annual decline of 5.5% required to achieve MDG5.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. More than half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost one third occur in South Asia.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries in 2013 is 230 per 100 000 live births versus 16 per 100 000 live births in developed countries.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 3700 in developed countries, versus 1 in 160 in developing countries.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The major complications that account for 80% of all maternal deaths are: a. severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth); b. infections (usually after childbirth); c. high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia); and d. unsafe abortion. The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy. Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While levels of antenatal care have increased in many parts of the world during the past decade, only 46 percent of women in low-income countries benefit from skilled care during childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Other factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth are: poverty, distance, lack of information, inadequate services and cultural practices.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">* Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100000 live births during the same time period.</p><p style="text-align:justify">** Adult lifetime risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old women will die eventually from a maternal cause.</p><p style="text-align:justify">*** Proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15&ndash;49 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Unemployment                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Rural distress                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Migration                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/key-facts-72.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Key Facts                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/debt-trap-15.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Debt Trap                                                       </a>
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                                                 <h3><b>Empowerment</b></h3>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/union-budget-73.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">Union Budget And Other Economic Policies                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/disaster-relief-49.html"
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#global-tuberculosis-report-2022-released-in-october-2022">Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 (released in October 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=3#rural-health-statistics-2020-21-released-in-may-2022">Rural Health Statistics 2020-21 (released in May 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=4#india-tb-report-2022-coming-together-to-end-tb-altogether-released-in-march-2022">India TB Report 2022: Coming Together to End TB Altogether (released in March 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#press-release-by-jan-swasthya-abhiyan-dated-february-2-2022">Press release by Jan Swasthya Abhiyan dated February 2, 2022</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=5#securing-rights-of-patients-in-india-lessons-from-rapid-surveys-on-peoplesrsquo-experiences-of-patientrsquos-rights-charter-and-the-covid-19-vaccination-drive-released-on-18-november-2021">Securing Rights of Patients in India: Lessons from rapid surveys on peoples&rsquo; experiences of Patient&rsquo;s Rights Charter and the COVID-19 vaccination drive (released on 18 November, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#39covid-19-third-wave-preparedness-childrenrsquos-vulnerability-and-recovery39-released-on-2nd-august-2021">&#39;COVID-19 Third Wave Preparedness: Children&rsquo;s Vulnerability and Recovery&#39; (released on 2nd August, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=6#oxfam-india39s-inequality-report-2021-india39s-unequal-healthcare-story-released-on-19th-july-2021">Oxfam India&#39;s Inequality Report 2021: India&#39;s Unequal Healthcare Story (released on 19th July, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#standard-operating-procedure-sop-on-covid-19-containment-and-management-in-peri-urban-rural-and-tribal-areas">Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) on COVID-19 Containment and Management in Peri-urban, Rural and Tribal areas</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=7#rural-health-statistics-2019-20-released-in-april-2021">Rural Health Statistics 2019-20 (released in April 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#india-fact-sheet-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">India Fact Sheet of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#executive-summary-of-longitudinal-ageing-study-in-india-lasi-wave-1-released-in-2021">Executive Summary of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=8#a-neglected-tragedy-the-global-burden-of-stillbirths-report-of-the-un-inter-agency-group-for-child-mortality-estimation-2020-released-in-october-2020">A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths -- Report of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2020 (released in October 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=9#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2018-released-in-june-2020">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2018 (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#faq-on-covid-19-prepared-by-the-ministry-of-health-and-family-welfare">FAQ on COVID-19 prepared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#containment-plan-for-large-outbreaks-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019">Containment Plan for Large Outbreaks Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#background-note-on-covid-19">Background Note on COVID-19</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#statement-on-the-covid-19-pandemic">Statement on the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#high-level-group-on-health-sector-2019-submitted-to-the-fifteenth-finance-commission-of-india">High Level Group on Health Sector (2019), submitted to the Fifteenth Finance Commission of India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=10#nss-75th-round-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-july-2017-to-june-2018-released-on-23rd-november-2019">NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=11#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=12#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=13#national-health-profile-2018-13th-issue">National Health Profile 2018, 13th Issue</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=14#india-health-of-the-nationrsquos-states-the-india-state-level-disease-burden-initiative-disease-burden-trends-in-the-states-of-india-1990-to-2016-released-in-october-2017">India: Health of the Nation&rsquo;s States - The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, Disease Burden Trends in the States of India 1990 to 2016 (released in October, 2017) </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=15#national-health-accounts-estimates-for-india-2014-15-released-in-october-2017">National Health Accounts: Estimates for India 2014-15 (released in October, 2017)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-policy-2017">National Health Policy 2017</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=16#national-health-profile-2015">National Health Profile 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=17#71st-round-nss-report-key-indicators-of-social-consumption-in-india-health-published-in-june-2015">71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Health (published in June 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=18#draft-national-health-policy-2015-published-in-december-2014">Draft National Health Policy 2015 (published in December 2014)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=19#trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#rural-health-statistics-in-india-2012">Rural Health Statistics in India 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=20#committing-to-child-survival-a-promise-renewed-progress-report-2013">Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#pneumonia-progress-report-2012">Pneumonia Progress Report, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=21#defeating-malaria-in-asia-the-pacific-americas-middle-east-and-europe-november-2012">Defeating malaria in Asia, the Pacific, Americas, Middle East and Europe, November, 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=22#children-in-india-2012-a-statistical-appraisal">Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#who-global-report-mortality-attributable-to-tobacco-2012">WHO Global Report: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco (2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=23#the-growing-danger-of-non-communicable-diseases-acting-now-to-reverse-course-2011">The Growing Danger of Non-Communicable Diseases: Acting Now to Reverse Course (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=24#aids-at-30-nations-at-the-crossroads-2011">AIDS at 30: Nations at the crossroads (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#a-fair-chance-at-life-why-equity-matters-for-children-2010">A Fair Chance at Life: Why Equity Matters for Children (2010)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#women-on-the-front-lines-of-health-care-state-of-the-world39s-mothers-2010">Women on the Front Lines of Health Care, State of the World&#39;s Mothers 2010</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#performance-audit-report-no-8-of-2009-10">Performance Audit-Report No. 8 of 2009-10</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=25#lsquodiarrhoea-why-children-are-still-dying-and-what-can-be-donersquo-2009">&lsquo;Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done?&rsquo; (2009)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#world-health-statistics-2009">World Health Statistics 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=26#national-family-health-survey-iii-2005-06">National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            </p><p style="text-align:justify">The report entitled <a name="economic-burden-of-tobacco-related-diseases-in-india">Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India</a> (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/economic_burden_of_tobacco_related_diseases_in_india_executive_summary.pdf" title="Economic Burden of tobacco related diseases">click here</a>&nbsp;to download the Executive Summary), supported by the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, Government of India and the WHO Country Office for India, was developed by the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The report estimates direct and indirect costs from all diseases caused due to tobacco use and four specific diseases namely, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The report also highlights that tobacco use and the associated costs are creating an enormous burden for the nation.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The total economic costs attributable to tobacco use from all diseases in India in the year 2011 for persons aged 35-69 amounted to Rs. 104500 crores of which 16 percent was direct cost and 84 percent was indirect cost.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the report, massive direct medical costs of tobacco attributable diseases amount to Rs.16,800 crore and associated indirect morbidity cost of Rs. 14,700 crore. The cost from premature mortality is Rs. 73,000 crores, indicating a substantial productive loss to the nation, the report states.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the United Nations&#39; report (released in May, 2014) entitled <a name="trends-in-maternal-mortality-estimates-1990-to-2013">Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013</a>, (please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Trends%20in%20Maternal%20Mortality%201990%20to%202013.pdf" title="Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2013">click here</a>&nbsp;to download):&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Indian scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)* in India stood at 560 maternal deaths (per 100000 live births) during 1990, 460 during 1995, 370 during 2000, 280 during 2005 and 190 during 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As compared to India (MMR: 190 per 100000 live births), Brazil (MMR: 69) and China (MMR: 32) performed better in reducing maternal deaths.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; An Indian woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death** &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 190, whereas for a Chinese woman it is 1 in 1800 and for a Brazilian woman it is 1 in 780.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; At the country level, the two countries that accounted for one third of all global maternal deaths are India at 17 percent (50000) and Nigeria at 14 percent (40000).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM)*** in India is 6.7 percent whereas for China it is 1.6 percent and for Brazil it is 2.8 percent.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The ten countries that comprised 58 percent of the global maternal deaths reported in 2013 are: India (50000, 17%); Nigeria (40000, 14%); Democratic Republic of the Congo (21000, 7%); Ethiopia (13000, 4%); Indonesia (8800, 3%); Pakistan (7900, 3%); United Republic of Tanzania (7900, 3%); Kenya (6300, 2%); China (5900, 2%); Uganda (5900, 2%).&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; India could reduce MMR by 65 percent between 1990 and 2013.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The present report has classified India among 96 countries with incomplete civil registration and/or other types of maternal mortality data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Global scenario</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Under MDG5, countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990, maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 45%. However, between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) declined by only 2.6% per year. This is far from the annual decline of 5.5% required to achieve MDG5.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. More than half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost one third occur in South Asia.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries in 2013 is 230 per 100 000 live births versus 16 per 100 000 live births in developed countries.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; A woman&rsquo;s lifetime risk of maternal death &ndash; the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause &ndash; is 1 in 3700 in developed countries, versus 1 in 160 in developing countries.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; The major complications that account for 80% of all maternal deaths are: a. severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth); b. infections (usually after childbirth); c. high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia); and d. unsafe abortion. The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy. Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; While levels of antenatal care have increased in many parts of the world during the past decade, only 46 percent of women in low-income countries benefit from skilled care during childbirth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Other factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth are: poverty, distance, lack of information, inadequate services and cultural practices.&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">* Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100000 live births during the same time period.</p><p style="text-align:justify">** Adult lifetime risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old women will die eventually from a maternal cause.</p><p style="text-align:justify">*** Proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15&ndash;49 years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Public Health

What's Inside Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 (released in October 2022) Rural Health Statistics 2020-21 (released in May 2022) India TB Report 2022: Coming Together to End TB Altogether (released in March 2022) Press release by Jan Swasthya Abhiyan dated February 2, 2022 Securing Rights of Patients in India: Lessons from rapid surveys on peoples’ experiences of Patient’s Rights Charter and the COVID-19 vaccination drive (released on 18 November, 2021) 'COVID-19 Third Wave Preparedness: Children’s Vulnerability and Recovery' (released on 2nd August, 2021) Oxfam India's Inequality Report 2021: India's Unequal Healthcare Story (released on 19th July, 2021) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) on COVID-19 Containment and Management in Peri-urban, Rural and Tribal areas Rural Health Statistics 2019-20 (released in April 2021) India Fact Sheet of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021) More Executive Summary of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) -- Wave-1 (released in 2021) A Neglected Tragedy: The global burden of stillbirths -- Report of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2020 (released in October 2020) Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2018 (released in June 2020) FAQ on COVID-19 prepared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Containment Plan for Large Outbreaks Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Background Note on COVID-19 Statement on the COVID-19 pandemic High Level Group on Health Sector (2019), submitted to the Fifteenth Finance Commission of India NSS 75th Round Report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India: Health, July 2017 to June 2018 (released on 23rd November 2019) 2019 India TB report (released in September 2019) Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019) National Health Profile 2018, 13th Issue India: Health of the Nation’s States - The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, Disease Burden Trends in the States of India 1990 to 2016 (released in October, 2017) National Health Accounts: Estimates for India 2014-15 (released in October, 2017) National Health Policy 2017 National Health Profile 2015 71st round NSS report: Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Health (published in June 2015) Draft National Health Policy 2015 (published in December 2014) Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013 Rural Health Statistics in India 2012 Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2013 Pneumonia Progress Report, 2012 Defeating malaria in Asia, the Pacific, Americas, Middle East and Europe, November, 2012 Children in India 2012-A Statistical Appraisal WHO Global Report: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco (2012) The Growing Danger of Non-Communicable Diseases: Acting Now to Reverse Course (2011) AIDS at 30: Nations at the crossroads (2011) A Fair Chance at Life: Why Equity Matters for Children (2010) Women on the Front Lines of Health Care, State of the World's Mothers 2010 Performance Audit-Report No. 8 of 2009-10 ‘Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done?’ (2009) World Health Statistics 2009 National Family Health Survey-III (2005-06) Less The report entitled Economic Burden of Tobacco Related Diseases in India (please click here to download the Executive Summary), supported by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India and the WHO Country Office for India, was developed by the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI). The report estimates direct and indirect costs from all diseases caused due to tobacco use and four specific diseases namely, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The report also highlights that tobacco use and the associated costs are creating an enormous burden for the nation. The total economic costs attributable to tobacco use from all diseases in India in the year 2011 for persons aged 35-69 amounted to Rs. 104500 crores of which 16 percent was direct cost and 84 percent was indirect cost.  According to the report, massive direct medical costs of tobacco attributable diseases amount to Rs.16,800 crore and associated indirect morbidity cost of Rs. 14,700 crore. The cost from premature mortality is Rs. 73,000 crores, indicating a substantial productive loss to the nation, the report states.    According to the United Nations' report (released in May, 2014) entitled Trends in maternal mortality estimates 1990 to 2013, (please click here to download):    Indian scenario • Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)* in India stood at 560 maternal deaths (per 100000 live births) during 1990, 460 during 1995, 370 during 2000, 280 during 2005 and 190 during 2013. • As compared to India (MMR: 190 per 100000 live births), Brazil (MMR: 69) and China (MMR: 32) performed better in reducing maternal deaths. • An Indian woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death** – the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause – is 1 in 190, whereas for a Chinese woman it is 1 in 1800 and for a Brazilian woman it is 1 in 780.  • At the country level, the two countries that accounted for one third of all global maternal deaths are India at 17 percent (50000) and Nigeria at 14 percent (40000).  • The proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM)*** in India is 6.7 percent whereas for China it is 1.6 percent and for Brazil it is 2.8 percent. • The ten countries that comprised 58 percent of the global maternal deaths reported in 2013 are: India (50000, 17%); Nigeria (40000, 14%); Democratic Republic of the Congo (21000, 7%); Ethiopia (13000, 4%); Indonesia (8800, 3%); Pakistan (7900, 3%); United Republic of Tanzania (7900, 3%); Kenya (6300, 2%); China (5900, 2%); Uganda (5900, 2%).  • India could reduce MMR by 65 percent between 1990 and 2013. • The present report has classified India among 96 countries with incomplete civil registration and/or other types of maternal mortality data.   Global scenario • Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. • Under MDG5, countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990, maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 45%. However, between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) declined by only 2.6% per year. This is far from the annual decline of 5.5% required to achieve MDG5. • 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. More than half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost one third occur in South Asia. • The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries in 2013 is 230 per 100 000 live births versus 16 per 100 000 live births in developed countries.  • A woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death – the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause – is 1 in 3700 in developed countries, versus 1 in 160 in developing countries. • Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities. • Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women. • The major complications that account for 80% of all maternal deaths are: a. severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth); b. infections (usually after childbirth); c. high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia); and d. unsafe abortion. The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy. Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies. • While levels of antenatal care have increased in many parts of the world during the past decade, only 46 percent of women in low-income countries benefit from skilled care during childbirth. • Other factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth are: poverty, distance, lack of information, inadequate services and cultural practices.    Note:  * Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100000 live births during the same time period. ** Adult lifetime risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old women will die eventually from a maternal cause. *** Proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15–49 years.   « previous1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526next »

 

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