Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]Code Contextif (Configure::read('debug')) {trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);} else {$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) { 'status' => (int) 200, 'contentType' => 'text/html', 'headers' => [ 'Content-Type' => [ [maximum depth reached] ] ], 'file' => null, 'fileRange' => [], 'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {}, 'cacheDirectives' => [], 'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]> <html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <html lang='en'> <!--<![endif]--> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title> Farm Crisis | Unemployment </title> <meta name="description" content="KEY TRENDS • In 2017-18, 24.8 percent of rural working-age men and 74.5 percent of rural working-age (viz. 15-59 years) women were not employed. In urban areas, 25.8 percent of working-age men and 80.2 percent of working-age women were not employed AB • Both the Periodic Labour..."/> <meta name="keywords" content="im4change, corruption, food security, Right To Education, malnutrition, Hunger, Health, MNREGA"/> <meta name="news_keywords" content="im4change, corruption, food security, Right To Education, malnutrition, Hunger, Health, MNREGA"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ROR" href="/ror.xml"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="/feeds/"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css?1697864993"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?v=1.1.2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style-inner.css?1577045210"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="Oswald-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald%3Aregular%2C700&ver=3.8.1" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery.modal.min.css?1578285302"/> <script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" title="Favicon"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery-ui.css?1580720609"/> <script src="/js/jquery-ui.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/custom.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery.modal.min.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery-ui.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/li-scroller.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <!-- <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> --> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style-inner.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href="//im4change.org/css/custom.css" crossorigin > <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/bootstrap.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.li-scroller.1.0.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.modal.min.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.ui.totop.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-ui.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/setting.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/tie-scripts.js"> <!--[if IE]> <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery(".menu-item").has("ul").children("a").attr("aria-haspopup", "true"); });</script> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="/js/html5.js"></script> <script src="/js/selectivizr-min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/css/ie8.css"/> <![endif]--> <meta property="og:title" content="Farm Crisis | Unemployment" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:description" content="KEY TRENDS • In 2017-18, 24.8 percent of rural working-age men and 74.5 percent of rural working-age (viz. 15-59 years) women were not employed. 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href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput farm-crisis"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2#crushed-2022-4th-edition-released-on-13th-december-2022">Crushed 2022, 4th edition (released on 13th December 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3#accessing-minimum-wages-evidence-from-delhi-released-on-july-4-2022">Accessing Minimum Wages: Evidence from Delhi (released on July 4, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-3-a-roadmap-for-recovery-governance-infrastructure-and-self-reliance">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 3: A roadmap for recovery: governance, infrastructure, and self-reliance</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-2-the-deepening-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 2: The deepening impact of COVID-19 on India’s creative economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-1-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 1: Impact of Covid-19 on India’s Creative Economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5#crushed-2021-3rd-edition-released-on-26th-january-2022">Crushed 2021, 3rd edition (released on 26th January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#primer-on-labour-codes-in-india-released-in-january-2022">Primer on Labour Codes in India (released in January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#domestic-work-is-work-by-commonwealth-health-rights-initiative-chri-released-on-10th-december2021">Domestic Work is Work by Commonwealth Health Rights Initiative-CHRI (released on 10th December,2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#mercer-cfa-institute-global-pension-index-2021-pension-reform-in-challenging-times-released-in-october-2021nbsp">Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2021: Pension reform in challenging times (released in October, 2021) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#is-platform-work-decent-work-a-case-of-food-delivery-workers-in-karnataka-released-on-8th-september-2021">Is Platform Work Decent Work? A Case of Food Delivery Workers in Karnataka (released on 8th September, 2021)</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7#report-on-the-first-round-of-quarterly-employment-survey-under-the-aqees-released-in-september-2021">Report on the First Round of Quarterly Employment Survey under the AQEES (released in September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8#annual-report-of-the-periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20-released-on-23rd-july-2021">Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20 (released on 23rd July, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a 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href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#global-employment-trends-by-international-labour-organization-ilo-january-2010">Global Employment Trends by International Labour Organization (ILO), January 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#india-labour-market-report-2008">India Labour Market Report 2008</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour">click here</a> to access the <a name="achievements-and-initiatives-in-the-ministry-of-labour-and-employment">Achievements and Initiatives in the Ministry of Labour and Employment</a> as per the Press Information Bureau's Press Note dated 8 September, 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />According to the study titled: <a name="trends-in-rural-wage-rates-whether-india-reached-lewis-turning-point">Trends in Rural Wage Rates: Whether India Reached Lewis Turning Point</a> by A Amarender Reddy (2013), International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT/CGIAR) (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates">click here</a> to download)<br /><br />• Many observe that since last decade, labor shortages in rural India have become an issue. Farmers in rural areas blame it on employment guarantee scheme MGNREGA, but there is no concrete evidence to prove this; some also claim that the faster growth of the economy and non-farm sector are the main reasons, which in fact is a good sign. However, there are no studies specifically to test the theoretical and empirical issues of rising wage rates in India. In this paper, trends in rural wages are assessed along the Lewis continuum through wage rates data.<br /><br />• The results of the present study show a clear rising trend in real wage rates since 1995, and then accelerating from 2007 onwards in developed states like Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu. Less participation in public works program in Punjab and Haryana also indicates no surplus labor. This confirms that at least developed states in India crossed the Lewis Turning Point (LTP)*.<br /><br />• The acceleration of real wages even in slack season indicates that the era of labor shortage has started in rural areas especially in developed states like Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh, which needs to be tackled through labor saving technology and wide scale farm mechanisation. On the other hand it appears that the underdeveloped states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have not reached the LTP and needs to develop policies to increase productivity of rural labor in these backward states.<br /><br />• The results of the study show a clear rising trend in real wages since 1995 more particularly from 2007 especially in the developed states like Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. And the acceleration of this rising trend since 2007, even in slack seasons, indicates that the labor shortage is a permanent phenomenon and era of surplus labor is over.<br /><br />• At the all India level, there is an upward movement in wage rates since 2006 onwards. The wage rates for mason and carpenter are much above all other wage rates, as both these require specialised skills, then followed by tractor driver. Among agricultural wage rates, ploughing occupy highest wages followed by sowing, harvesting and the lowest recorded among unskilled laborer. It is interesting to see that from 1995 to 2005 there is almost no trend in wage rates among all work types.<br /><br />• In slack season, wage rates increased steeply after 2007 onwards for all the categories of work indicating LTP. However, from 1995 to 2006 the wage rates in both slack and peak seasons have not increased. Overall, the sluggish real wages of 1995 to 2005 suggest an excess of rural labor force prior to 2005.<br /><br />• Over the years, the real wage rates for the activities such as well digging, Tractor driver and black smith have been increasing steeply. It is clearly evident that the unskilled labor in non-farm activities is being paid more than many of the farm activities like picking, weeding, transplanting and threshing. The highest paid farm activity is ploughing, which is the most common field operation for almost all the crops. Annual growth rates are much higher during 2007-2012, while during 1995 to 2006 there is mixed picture, with some work types showing negative growth.<br /><br />• The rapid economic growth in Haryana, Punjab and TN generated a high demand for rural laborers, as reflected in the relatively higher growth rate of wages in these states from 1995 to 2012. From 2005 onward, real wages began to rise substantially and simultaneously in all the states regardless of their development level.<br /><br />• There is a significant positive association among the growth in wages of ploughing and harvesting with average days under MGNREGA. The growth of wages for sowing is having negative association with public work days, while growth rate of unskilled labor wage rates do not have any significant association with public work days in the states. Over all, there is no concrete evidence that there is a positive association between agricultural wages and employment days created by public works program across the states.<br /><br />• There is no string correlation between share of agriculture in GDP and growth in wage rates, indicating rural wage rate may be induced by expansion of urban (non-agricultural sector) sector in states like TN, Karnataka and Maharashtra or by expansion of agricultural sector as that in AP, Haryana and Punjab. But at least one of the sectors needs to be stronger in creating employment to cross the LTP. Urbanisation is playing an important role in increasing wage rates through upward push in rural labor markets as seen in TN, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Haryana. There is some possible positive influence of public works program (MGNREGA) on wage rates as in AP and TN which ranked first and second in public works program and also growth in wage rates.<br /><br />• The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture is higher in UP, followed by Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, MP and Maharashtra than the national average, while lower in Haryana, Karnataka, TN, AP and WB. In most of the state and at national level the wage gap is reducing in rural areas. At national level the wage gap increased from 1995 to 2005, then after decreased. At all India level it increased from 1.5 in 1995 to 1.7 in 2005, then declined to again 1.5 in 2012.<br /><br />• The growth of agricultural sector is now about 3 to 4% per annum, where as the growth of industry and service sectors is about 10-12% per annum. Share of agricultural sector reduced from 41% in 1973 to 14% in 2012, with consequent rise in non-agricultural sector from 59% to 86% of the GDP. The share of labor dependent on agriculture decreased from 74% to 50% and share of labor dependent on non-agriculture increased from 26% to 50% during the same period. The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture further increased from 3.5 to 4.0 to about 6.3 during the same period. As a result, a large number of laborers moved from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sectors (migration from rural to urban areas).<br /><br /><strong>Note: </strong><br /><br />* The structural change from an excess supply of labor to one of labor shortage is documented in progress of many developed and developing countries as Lewis Turning Point (LTP).</p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span class="current">21</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=23" class="articlepagination">23</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25" class="articlepagination">25</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26" class="articlepagination">26</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27" class="articlepagination">27</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28" class="articlepagination">28</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="6"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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class="mega-menu-item"> <h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/farmers039-suicides-14.html" class="left postionrel">Farm Suicides </a> </p> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html" class="left postionrel">Unemployment </a> </p> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html" class="left postionrel">Rural distress </a> </p> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html" class="left postionrel">Migration </a> </p> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/key-facts-72.html" class="left postionrel">Key Facts </a> </p> <p style="padding-left:5px;"> <a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/debt-trap-15.html" class="left postionrel">Debt Trap </a> </p> </div> <div 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href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput farm-crisis"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2#crushed-2022-4th-edition-released-on-13th-december-2022">Crushed 2022, 4th edition (released on 13th December 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3#accessing-minimum-wages-evidence-from-delhi-released-on-july-4-2022">Accessing Minimum Wages: Evidence from Delhi (released on July 4, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-3-a-roadmap-for-recovery-governance-infrastructure-and-self-reliance">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 3: A roadmap for recovery: governance, infrastructure, and self-reliance</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-2-the-deepening-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 2: The deepening impact of COVID-19 on India’s creative economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-1-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 1: Impact of Covid-19 on India’s Creative Economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5#crushed-2021-3rd-edition-released-on-26th-january-2022">Crushed 2021, 3rd edition (released on 26th January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#primer-on-labour-codes-in-india-released-in-january-2022">Primer on Labour Codes in India (released in January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#domestic-work-is-work-by-commonwealth-health-rights-initiative-chri-released-on-10th-december2021">Domestic Work is Work by Commonwealth Health Rights Initiative-CHRI (released on 10th December,2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#mercer-cfa-institute-global-pension-index-2021-pension-reform-in-challenging-times-released-in-october-2021nbsp">Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2021: Pension reform in challenging times (released in October, 2021) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#is-platform-work-decent-work-a-case-of-food-delivery-workers-in-karnataka-released-on-8th-september-2021">Is Platform Work Decent Work? A Case of Food Delivery Workers in Karnataka (released on 8th September, 2021)</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7#report-on-the-first-round-of-quarterly-employment-survey-under-the-aqees-released-in-september-2021">Report on the First Round of Quarterly Employment Survey under the AQEES (released in September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8#annual-report-of-the-periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20-released-on-23rd-july-2021">Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20 (released on 23rd July, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9#standing-committee-report-on-rural-development-demand-for-grants-2021-22-thirteenth-report">Standing Committee Report on Rural Development: Demand for Grants (2021-22), Thirteenth Report</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9#standing-committee-report-on-labour-social-security-and-welfare-measures-for-inter-state-migrant-workers-2020-21-sixteenth-report">Standing Committee Report on Labour: Social Security and Welfare Measures for Inter-State Migrant Workers (2020-21), Sixteenth Report</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#lessons-for-social-protection-from-the-covid-19-lockdowns-report-1-of-2-state-relief-released-in-february-2021">Lessons for Social Protection from the COVID-19 Lockdowns Report 1 of 2: State Relief (released in February, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#working-from-home-from-invisibility-to-decent-work-released-in-january-2021">Working from home: From invisibility to decent work (released in January 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#time-use-in-india-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2020">Time Use in India-2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#briefing-note-for-parliamentarians-on-labour-law-reforms">Briefing Note for Parliamentarians on Labour Law Reforms</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-code-on-social-security-2020">The Code on Social Security 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2020">The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-industrial-relations-code-2020">The Industrial Relations Code 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-code-on-wages-2019">The Code on Wages 2019</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committee-report-on-labour-2019-20-the-code-on-social-security-2019-released-in-july-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Code on Social Security 2019 (released in July 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2019-20-the-industrial-relations-code-2019-released-in-april-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Industrial Relations Code 2019 (released in April 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2019-20-the-occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2019-released-in-february-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2019 (released in February 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2018-19-the-code-on-wages-bill-2017-released-in-december-2018">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2018-19, The Code on Wages Bill 2017 (released in December 2018)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2014-15-the-factories-amendment-bill-2014-released-in-december-2014">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2014-15, The Factories (Amendment) Bill 2014 (released in December 2014)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#tackling-the-covid-19-youth-employment-crisis-in-asia-and-the-pacific-released-on-18th-august-2020">Tackling the COVID-19 youth employment crisis in Asia and the Pacific (released on 18th August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11#workers-in-the-times-of-covid-19-first-round-by-actionaid-india-released-13th-august-2020">Workers in the Times of COVID-19 (first round) by ActionAid India (released 13th August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11#annual-report-on-periodic-labour-force-survey-july-2018-june-2019-released-in-june-2020">Annual Report on Periodic Labour Force Survey, July 2018-June 2019 (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=12#effects-of-lockdown-on-domestic-workers-released-in-june-2020">Effects of Lockdown on Domestic Workers (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-agriculture-and-food-security-in-india-released-on-20th-may-2020">Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agriculture and Food Security in India (released on 20th May, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#covid-19-induced-lockdown-ndash-how-is-the-hinterland-coping-released-on-13th-may-2020">COVID-19 induced Lockdown – How is the Hinterland Coping? (released on 13th May, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#covid-19-analysis-of-impact-and-relief-measures-study-released-on-12th-may-2020">COVID-19: Analysis of Impact and Relief Measures Study (released on 12th May, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#taking-stock-assessing-distribution-and-distress-in-gurugram-during-the-covid-19-lockdown-released-on-26th-april-2020">Taking Stock: Assessing Distribution and Distress in Gurugram during the COVID-19 Lockdown (released on 26th April, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#second-round-of-delhi-national-capital-region-coronavirus-telephone-survey-conducted-by-national-data-innovation-centre-ncaer-released-on-1st-may-2020">Second Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by National Data Innovation Centre, NCAER (released on 1st May, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13#first-round-of-delhi-national-capital-region-coronavirus-telephone-survey-conducted-by-ncaer-released-on-12th-april-2020">First Round of Delhi National Capital Region Coronavirus Telephone Survey conducted by NCAER (released on 12th April, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=14#annual-report-on-periodic-labour-force-survey-july-2017-june-2018">Annual Report on Periodic Labour Force Survey (July 2017 - June 2018)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=15#state-of-working-india-2019">State of Working India 2019</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=16#state-of-working-india-2018">State of Working India 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-ldquomeasuring-productivity-at-the-industry-level-ndash-the-india-klems-databaserdquo-27-march-2018-reserve-bank-of-india">Report on “Measuring Productivity at the Industry Level – The India KLEMS Database”, 27 March, 2018, Reserve Bank of India</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#draft-report-of-the-task-force-on-improving-employment-data-2017-chaired-by-arvind-panagariya-niti-aayog">Draft Report of the Task Force on Improving Employment Data (2017) chaired by Arvind Panagariya, NITI Aayog</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#seventh-quarterly-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selectednbsp-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-october-2017">Seventh Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st October, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#sixth-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-july-2017">Sixth Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st July, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#fifth-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-april-2017">Fifth Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st April, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#fourth-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-january-2017">Fourth Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st January, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#third-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-october-2016">Third Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st October, 2016</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#second-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-july-2016">Second Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st July, 2016</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#first-quarterlynbsp-report-on-employment-scenario-in-selected-sectors-new-series-as-on-1st-april-2016">First Quarterly Report on Employment Scenario in selected sectors (new series) as on 1st April, 2016</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-fifth-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2015-16-volume-1-released-in-september-2016">Report on Fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey (2015-16) Volume-1 (released in September 2016)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-4th-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2013-14">Report on 4th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2013-14</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-3rd-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2012-13">Report on 3rd Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2012-13</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-2nd-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2011-12">Report on 2nd Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2011-12</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-1st-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2009-10">Report on 1st Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2009-10</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=18#economic-survey-2015-16">Economic Survey 2015-16</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=19#nss-68th-round-report-entitled-employment-and-unemployment-situation-among-major-religious-groups-in-india-2011-12-released-in-february-2016-mospi">NSS 68th Round Report entitled: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Major Religious Groups in India (2011-12) released in February, 2016, MoSPI</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20#economic-survey-2014-15">Economic Survey 2014-15</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21#achievements-and-initiatives-in-the-ministry-of-labour-and-employment">Achievements and Initiatives in the Ministry of Labour and Employment</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21#trends-in-rural-wage-rates-whether-india-reached-lewis-turning-point">Trends in Rural Wage Rates: Whether India Reached Lewis Turning Point</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22#nss-report-no-551-66106-titled-status-of-education-and-vocational-training-in-india-66th-round">NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=23#global-wage-report-2012-13">Global Wage Report 2012-13</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24#report-on-second-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2011-12">Report on Second Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2011-12</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24#key-indicators-of-employment-and-unemployment-in-india-2009-10-released-on-24-june-2011">Key Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, 2009-10 (released on 24 June, 2011)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25#global-employment-trends-2011">Global Employment Trends 2011</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25#report-on-employment-unemployment-survey-2009-10">Report on Employment & Unemployment Survey (2009-10)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26#world-social-security-report-201011">World Social Security Report 2010/11</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26#employment-and-unemployment-situation-in-india-2007-08">Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2007-08</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#annual-report-to-the-people-of-india-on-employment-ministry-of-labour-and-employment-july-2010">Annual Report to the people of India on Employment, Ministry of Labour and Employment, July, 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#employment-and-unemployment-situation-in-india-2005-06">Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2005-06</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#women-in-labour-markets-measuring-progress-and-identifying-challenges-march-2010">Women in labour markets: Measuring progress and identifying challenges, March 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#global-employment-trends-by-international-labour-organization-ilo-january-2010">Global Employment Trends by International Labour Organization (ILO), January 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#india-labour-market-report-2008">India Labour Market Report 2008</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour">click here</a> to access the <a name="achievements-and-initiatives-in-the-ministry-of-labour-and-employment">Achievements and Initiatives in the Ministry of Labour and Employment</a> as per the Press Information Bureau's Press Note dated 8 September, 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />According to the study titled: <a name="trends-in-rural-wage-rates-whether-india-reached-lewis-turning-point">Trends in Rural Wage Rates: Whether India Reached Lewis Turning Point</a> by A Amarender Reddy (2013), International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT/CGIAR) (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates">click here</a> to download)<br /><br />• Many observe that since last decade, labor shortages in rural India have become an issue. Farmers in rural areas blame it on employment guarantee scheme MGNREGA, but there is no concrete evidence to prove this; some also claim that the faster growth of the economy and non-farm sector are the main reasons, which in fact is a good sign. However, there are no studies specifically to test the theoretical and empirical issues of rising wage rates in India. In this paper, trends in rural wages are assessed along the Lewis continuum through wage rates data.<br /><br />• The results of the present study show a clear rising trend in real wage rates since 1995, and then accelerating from 2007 onwards in developed states like Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu. Less participation in public works program in Punjab and Haryana also indicates no surplus labor. This confirms that at least developed states in India crossed the Lewis Turning Point (LTP)*.<br /><br />• The acceleration of real wages even in slack season indicates that the era of labor shortage has started in rural areas especially in developed states like Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh, which needs to be tackled through labor saving technology and wide scale farm mechanisation. On the other hand it appears that the underdeveloped states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have not reached the LTP and needs to develop policies to increase productivity of rural labor in these backward states.<br /><br />• The results of the study show a clear rising trend in real wages since 1995 more particularly from 2007 especially in the developed states like Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. And the acceleration of this rising trend since 2007, even in slack seasons, indicates that the labor shortage is a permanent phenomenon and era of surplus labor is over.<br /><br />• At the all India level, there is an upward movement in wage rates since 2006 onwards. The wage rates for mason and carpenter are much above all other wage rates, as both these require specialised skills, then followed by tractor driver. Among agricultural wage rates, ploughing occupy highest wages followed by sowing, harvesting and the lowest recorded among unskilled laborer. It is interesting to see that from 1995 to 2005 there is almost no trend in wage rates among all work types.<br /><br />• In slack season, wage rates increased steeply after 2007 onwards for all the categories of work indicating LTP. However, from 1995 to 2006 the wage rates in both slack and peak seasons have not increased. Overall, the sluggish real wages of 1995 to 2005 suggest an excess of rural labor force prior to 2005.<br /><br />• Over the years, the real wage rates for the activities such as well digging, Tractor driver and black smith have been increasing steeply. It is clearly evident that the unskilled labor in non-farm activities is being paid more than many of the farm activities like picking, weeding, transplanting and threshing. The highest paid farm activity is ploughing, which is the most common field operation for almost all the crops. Annual growth rates are much higher during 2007-2012, while during 1995 to 2006 there is mixed picture, with some work types showing negative growth.<br /><br />• The rapid economic growth in Haryana, Punjab and TN generated a high demand for rural laborers, as reflected in the relatively higher growth rate of wages in these states from 1995 to 2012. From 2005 onward, real wages began to rise substantially and simultaneously in all the states regardless of their development level.<br /><br />• There is a significant positive association among the growth in wages of ploughing and harvesting with average days under MGNREGA. The growth of wages for sowing is having negative association with public work days, while growth rate of unskilled labor wage rates do not have any significant association with public work days in the states. Over all, there is no concrete evidence that there is a positive association between agricultural wages and employment days created by public works program across the states.<br /><br />• There is no string correlation between share of agriculture in GDP and growth in wage rates, indicating rural wage rate may be induced by expansion of urban (non-agricultural sector) sector in states like TN, Karnataka and Maharashtra or by expansion of agricultural sector as that in AP, Haryana and Punjab. But at least one of the sectors needs to be stronger in creating employment to cross the LTP. Urbanisation is playing an important role in increasing wage rates through upward push in rural labor markets as seen in TN, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Haryana. There is some possible positive influence of public works program (MGNREGA) on wage rates as in AP and TN which ranked first and second in public works program and also growth in wage rates.<br /><br />• The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture is higher in UP, followed by Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, MP and Maharashtra than the national average, while lower in Haryana, Karnataka, TN, AP and WB. In most of the state and at national level the wage gap is reducing in rural areas. At national level the wage gap increased from 1995 to 2005, then after decreased. At all India level it increased from 1.5 in 1995 to 1.7 in 2005, then declined to again 1.5 in 2012.<br /><br />• The growth of agricultural sector is now about 3 to 4% per annum, where as the growth of industry and service sectors is about 10-12% per annum. Share of agricultural sector reduced from 41% in 1973 to 14% in 2012, with consequent rise in non-agricultural sector from 59% to 86% of the GDP. The share of labor dependent on agriculture decreased from 74% to 50% and share of labor dependent on non-agriculture increased from 26% to 50% during the same period. The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture further increased from 3.5 to 4.0 to about 6.3 during the same period. As a result, a large number of laborers moved from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sectors (migration from rural to urban areas).<br /><br /><strong>Note: </strong><br /><br />* The structural change from an excess supply of labor to one of labor shortage is documented in progress of many developed and developing countries as Lewis Turning Point (LTP).</p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span class="current">21</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=23" class="articlepagination">23</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25" class="articlepagination">25</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26" class="articlepagination">26</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27" class="articlepagination">27</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28" class="articlepagination">28</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="6"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput farm-crisis"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2#crushed-2022-4th-edition-released-on-13th-december-2022">Crushed 2022, 4th edition (released on 13th December 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3#accessing-minimum-wages-evidence-from-delhi-released-on-july-4-2022">Accessing Minimum Wages: Evidence from Delhi (released on July 4, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-3-a-roadmap-for-recovery-governance-infrastructure-and-self-reliance">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 3: A roadmap for recovery: governance, infrastructure, and self-reliance</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-2-the-deepening-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 2: The deepening impact of COVID-19 on India’s creative economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4#taking-the-temperature-report-edition-1-impact-of-covid-19-on-indiarsquos-creative-economy">Taking the Temperature Report Edition 1: Impact of Covid-19 on India’s Creative Economy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5#crushed-2021-3rd-edition-released-on-26th-january-2022">Crushed 2021, 3rd edition (released on 26th January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#primer-on-labour-codes-in-india-released-in-january-2022">Primer on Labour Codes in India (released in January, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#domestic-work-is-work-by-commonwealth-health-rights-initiative-chri-released-on-10th-december2021">Domestic Work is Work by Commonwealth Health Rights Initiative-CHRI (released on 10th December,2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#mercer-cfa-institute-global-pension-index-2021-pension-reform-in-challenging-times-released-in-october-2021nbsp">Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2021: Pension reform in challenging times (released in October, 2021) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6#is-platform-work-decent-work-a-case-of-food-delivery-workers-in-karnataka-released-on-8th-september-2021">Is Platform Work Decent Work? A Case of Food Delivery Workers in Karnataka (released on 8th September, 2021)</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7#report-on-the-first-round-of-quarterly-employment-survey-under-the-aqees-released-in-september-2021">Report on the First Round of Quarterly Employment Survey under the AQEES (released in September, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8#annual-report-of-the-periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20-released-on-23rd-july-2021">Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20 (released on 23rd July, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9#standing-committee-report-on-rural-development-demand-for-grants-2021-22-thirteenth-report">Standing Committee Report on Rural Development: Demand for Grants (2021-22), Thirteenth Report</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9#standing-committee-report-on-labour-social-security-and-welfare-measures-for-inter-state-migrant-workers-2020-21-sixteenth-report">Standing Committee Report on Labour: Social Security and Welfare Measures for Inter-State Migrant Workers (2020-21), Sixteenth Report</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#lessons-for-social-protection-from-the-covid-19-lockdowns-report-1-of-2-state-relief-released-in-february-2021">Lessons for Social Protection from the COVID-19 Lockdowns Report 1 of 2: State Relief (released in February, 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#working-from-home-from-invisibility-to-decent-work-released-in-january-2021">Working from home: From invisibility to decent work (released in January 2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#time-use-in-india-2019-january-december-2019-released-in-september-2020">Time Use in India-2019, January-December 2019 (released in September 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#briefing-note-for-parliamentarians-on-labour-law-reforms">Briefing Note for Parliamentarians on Labour Law Reforms</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-code-on-social-security-2020">The Code on Social Security 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2020">The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-industrial-relations-code-2020">The Industrial Relations Code 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#the-code-on-wages-2019">The Code on Wages 2019</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committee-report-on-labour-2019-20-the-code-on-social-security-2019-released-in-july-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Code on Social Security 2019 (released in July 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2019-20-the-industrial-relations-code-2019-released-in-april-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Industrial Relations Code 2019 (released in April 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2019-20-the-occupational-safety-health-and-working-conditions-code-2019-released-in-february-2020">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2019-20, The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2019 (released in February 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2018-19-the-code-on-wages-bill-2017-released-in-december-2018">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2018-19, The Code on Wages Bill 2017 (released in December 2018)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#parliamentary-standing-committeenbspreport-on-labour-2014-15-the-factories-amendment-bill-2014-released-in-december-2014">Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Labour 2014-15, The Factories (Amendment) Bill 2014 (released in December 2014)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10#tackling-the-covid-19-youth-employment-crisis-in-asia-and-the-pacific-released-on-18th-august-2020">Tackling the COVID-19 youth employment crisis in Asia and the Pacific (released on 18th August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11#workers-in-the-times-of-covid-19-first-round-by-actionaid-india-released-13th-august-2020">Workers in the Times of COVID-19 (first round) by ActionAid India (released 13th August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11#annual-report-on-periodic-labour-force-survey-july-2018-june-2019-released-in-june-2020">Annual Report on Periodic Labour Force Survey, July 2018-June 2019 (released in June 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a 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href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-fifth-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2015-16-volume-1-released-in-september-2016">Report on Fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey (2015-16) Volume-1 (released in September 2016)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-4th-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2013-14">Report on 4th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2013-14</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-3rd-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2012-13">Report on 3rd Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2012-13</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-2nd-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2011-12">Report on 2nd Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2011-12</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17#report-on-1st-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2009-10">Report on 1st Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2009-10</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=18#economic-survey-2015-16">Economic Survey 2015-16</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=19#nss-68th-round-report-entitled-employment-and-unemployment-situation-among-major-religious-groups-in-india-2011-12-released-in-february-2016-mospi">NSS 68th Round Report entitled: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Major Religious Groups in India (2011-12) released in February, 2016, MoSPI</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20#economic-survey-2014-15">Economic Survey 2014-15</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21#achievements-and-initiatives-in-the-ministry-of-labour-and-employment">Achievements and Initiatives in the Ministry of Labour and Employment</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21#trends-in-rural-wage-rates-whether-india-reached-lewis-turning-point">Trends in Rural Wage Rates: Whether India Reached Lewis Turning Point</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22#nss-report-no-551-66106-titled-status-of-education-and-vocational-training-in-india-66th-round">NSS report no. 551 (66/10/6) titled Status of Education and Vocational Training in India (66th Round)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=23#global-wage-report-2012-13">Global Wage Report 2012-13</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24#report-on-second-annual-employment-unemployment-survey-2011-12">Report on Second Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey 2011-12</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24#key-indicators-of-employment-and-unemployment-in-india-2009-10-released-on-24-june-2011">Key Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, 2009-10 (released on 24 June, 2011)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25#global-employment-trends-2011">Global Employment Trends 2011</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25#report-on-employment-unemployment-survey-2009-10">Report on Employment & Unemployment Survey (2009-10)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26#world-social-security-report-201011">World Social Security Report 2010/11</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26#employment-and-unemployment-situation-in-india-2007-08">Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2007-08</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#annual-report-to-the-people-of-india-on-employment-ministry-of-labour-and-employment-july-2010">Annual Report to the people of India on Employment, Ministry of Labour and Employment, July, 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#employment-and-unemployment-situation-in-india-2005-06">Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2005-06</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#women-in-labour-markets-measuring-progress-and-identifying-challenges-march-2010">Women in labour markets: Measuring progress and identifying challenges, March 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27#global-employment-trends-by-international-labour-organization-ilo-january-2010">Global Employment Trends by International Labour Organization (ILO), January 2010</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28#india-labour-market-report-2008">India Labour Market Report 2008</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Labour.doc" title="Labour">click here</a> to access the <a name="achievements-and-initiatives-in-the-ministry-of-labour-and-employment">Achievements and Initiatives in the Ministry of Labour and Employment</a> as per the Press Information Bureau's Press Note dated 8 September, 2014.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />According to the study titled: <a name="trends-in-rural-wage-rates-whether-india-reached-lewis-turning-point">Trends in Rural Wage Rates: Whether India Reached Lewis Turning Point</a> by A Amarender Reddy (2013), International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT/CGIAR) (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2013%20Trends%20in%20rural%20wage%20rates_1.pdf" title="Trend in rural wage rates">click here</a> to download)<br /><br />• Many observe that since last decade, labor shortages in rural India have become an issue. Farmers in rural areas blame it on employment guarantee scheme MGNREGA, but there is no concrete evidence to prove this; some also claim that the faster growth of the economy and non-farm sector are the main reasons, which in fact is a good sign. However, there are no studies specifically to test the theoretical and empirical issues of rising wage rates in India. In this paper, trends in rural wages are assessed along the Lewis continuum through wage rates data.<br /><br />• The results of the present study show a clear rising trend in real wage rates since 1995, and then accelerating from 2007 onwards in developed states like Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu. Less participation in public works program in Punjab and Haryana also indicates no surplus labor. This confirms that at least developed states in India crossed the Lewis Turning Point (LTP)*.<br /><br />• The acceleration of real wages even in slack season indicates that the era of labor shortage has started in rural areas especially in developed states like Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh, which needs to be tackled through labor saving technology and wide scale farm mechanisation. On the other hand it appears that the underdeveloped states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have not reached the LTP and needs to develop policies to increase productivity of rural labor in these backward states.<br /><br />• The results of the study show a clear rising trend in real wages since 1995 more particularly from 2007 especially in the developed states like Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. And the acceleration of this rising trend since 2007, even in slack seasons, indicates that the labor shortage is a permanent phenomenon and era of surplus labor is over.<br /><br />• At the all India level, there is an upward movement in wage rates since 2006 onwards. The wage rates for mason and carpenter are much above all other wage rates, as both these require specialised skills, then followed by tractor driver. Among agricultural wage rates, ploughing occupy highest wages followed by sowing, harvesting and the lowest recorded among unskilled laborer. It is interesting to see that from 1995 to 2005 there is almost no trend in wage rates among all work types.<br /><br />• In slack season, wage rates increased steeply after 2007 onwards for all the categories of work indicating LTP. However, from 1995 to 2006 the wage rates in both slack and peak seasons have not increased. Overall, the sluggish real wages of 1995 to 2005 suggest an excess of rural labor force prior to 2005.<br /><br />• Over the years, the real wage rates for the activities such as well digging, Tractor driver and black smith have been increasing steeply. It is clearly evident that the unskilled labor in non-farm activities is being paid more than many of the farm activities like picking, weeding, transplanting and threshing. The highest paid farm activity is ploughing, which is the most common field operation for almost all the crops. Annual growth rates are much higher during 2007-2012, while during 1995 to 2006 there is mixed picture, with some work types showing negative growth.<br /><br />• The rapid economic growth in Haryana, Punjab and TN generated a high demand for rural laborers, as reflected in the relatively higher growth rate of wages in these states from 1995 to 2012. From 2005 onward, real wages began to rise substantially and simultaneously in all the states regardless of their development level.<br /><br />• There is a significant positive association among the growth in wages of ploughing and harvesting with average days under MGNREGA. The growth of wages for sowing is having negative association with public work days, while growth rate of unskilled labor wage rates do not have any significant association with public work days in the states. Over all, there is no concrete evidence that there is a positive association between agricultural wages and employment days created by public works program across the states.<br /><br />• There is no string correlation between share of agriculture in GDP and growth in wage rates, indicating rural wage rate may be induced by expansion of urban (non-agricultural sector) sector in states like TN, Karnataka and Maharashtra or by expansion of agricultural sector as that in AP, Haryana and Punjab. But at least one of the sectors needs to be stronger in creating employment to cross the LTP. Urbanisation is playing an important role in increasing wage rates through upward push in rural labor markets as seen in TN, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Haryana. There is some possible positive influence of public works program (MGNREGA) on wage rates as in AP and TN which ranked first and second in public works program and also growth in wage rates.<br /><br />• The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture is higher in UP, followed by Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, MP and Maharashtra than the national average, while lower in Haryana, Karnataka, TN, AP and WB. In most of the state and at national level the wage gap is reducing in rural areas. At national level the wage gap increased from 1995 to 2005, then after decreased. At all India level it increased from 1.5 in 1995 to 1.7 in 2005, then declined to again 1.5 in 2012.<br /><br />• The growth of agricultural sector is now about 3 to 4% per annum, where as the growth of industry and service sectors is about 10-12% per annum. Share of agricultural sector reduced from 41% in 1973 to 14% in 2012, with consequent rise in non-agricultural sector from 59% to 86% of the GDP. The share of labor dependent on agriculture decreased from 74% to 50% and share of labor dependent on non-agriculture increased from 26% to 50% during the same period. The wage gap between non-agriculture and agriculture further increased from 3.5 to 4.0 to about 6.3 during the same period. As a result, a large number of laborers moved from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sectors (migration from rural to urban areas).<br /><br /><strong>Note: </strong><br /><br />* The structural change from an excess supply of labor to one of labor shortage is documented in progress of many developed and developing countries as Lewis Turning Point (LTP).</p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=7" class="articlepagination">7</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=16" class="articlepagination">16</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=17" class="articlepagination">17</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=18" class="articlepagination">18</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=19" class="articlepagination">19</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=20" class="articlepagination">20</a></span><span class="current">21</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">22</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=23" class="articlepagination">23</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=24" class="articlepagination">24</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=25" class="articlepagination">25</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=26" class="articlepagination">26</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=27" class="articlepagination">27</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=28" class="articlepagination">28</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=22" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="comment-respond" id="respond"> <a name="commentbox"> </a> <h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3> <form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html?pgno=21"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()" name="cmtform"> <input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/> <input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="6"/> <p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. 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