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Farm Crisis | Unemployment
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What's Inside

Kindly click here to access the Primer on Labour Codes in India (released in January, 2022), which has been prepared by Mercer Consulting.

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The report titled Domestic Work is Work by Commonwealth Health Rights Initiative-CHRI (released on 10th December,2021) explores the situation of domestic workers and the status of ratification of C189 in specific Commonwealth countries. It includes five Commonwealth nations that have yet to ratify C189: United Kingdom, Uganda, India, Papua New Guinea, and Dominica. These countries were selected because their governments have either committed to ratifying C189, are considering ratification, or face mounting local civil society pressure to ratify - all suggesting some momentum for change. Each case study focuses on the challenges facing domestic workers and explores actions that both governments and civil society can take to support domestic workers and promote C189.

The report by CHRI also includes two additional case studies - countries that have shown their commitment to protecting the rights of domestic workers and advancing decent work for all by ratifying C189: Jamaica and South Africa. These stories of good practice provide insights into lessons learnt for effective civil society advocacy and government collaboration. The ratification stories of Jamaica and South Africa also exemplify the power of strategic grassroots advocacy for bringing about essential change.

Key Recommendations

Civil society and advocates can take the following key actions to complement state actions and to promote the ratification of C189 and the rights of domestic workers in their countries:
 
* Collaborate with domestic workers and organisations led by domestic workers to inform responsive and effective advocacy and promote the ability of domestic workers to organise collectively and join trade unions
* Engage key decision makers who can push for the ratification and implementation of C189
* Utilise key dates as opportunities to strategically advocate for the ratification and implementation of C189
* Promote the ratification of C189 and its provisions through public awareness raising, education and campaigns
* Increase capacity for research and data collection on the situation of domestic workers
* Promote the right to information to enhance advocacy efforts
* Join international,  and regional and national civil society coalitions and networks
* Support aid services for domestic workers
* Raise concerns with international and regional human rights mechanisms and experts

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The key findings of the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2021: Pension reform in challenging times (released in October, 2021)  are as follows (please click here and here to access): 

• The Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2021 benchmarks 43 retirement income systems around the world, highlighting strengths and weaknesses. In 2021, new entrant Iceland is named as having the world’s best pension system overall. However, as the world continues to grapple with the economic implications of the pandemic and its ongoing health crisis, the study also reveals factors causing the gender pension gap around the world. It’s critical that policymakers and governments reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their systems to deliver better long-term outcomes for future retirees.

• India’s retirement income system comprises an earnings-related employee pension scheme, a defined contribution employee provident fund, and supplementary employer managed pension schemes that are largely defined contribution in nature.

• Government schemes have been launched as part of universal social security program aimed at benefiting the unorganised sector. The EPFO’s schemes continue to be the primary one for the organized sector. The National Pension System is gradually gaining popularity.

• India (along with Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Turkey, Philippines, Argentina and Thailand) has a pension system that has some desirable features, but also has major weaknesses and/or omissions that need to be addressed. Without these improvements, its efficacy and sustainability are in doubt. 

• In 2021, India ranks 40th in overall index out of 43 pension systems. 

• The Indian index value decreased from 45.7 in 2020 to 43.3 in 2021 primarily due to a fall in the net replacement rates. According to the OECD, the 'net replacement rate' is defined as the individual net pension entitlement divided by net pre-retirement earnings, taking into account personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by workers and pensioners. The sub-index value for 'adequency' fell from 38.8 in 2020 to 33.5 in 2021. The sub-index value for 'sustainability' decreased from 43.1 in 2020 to 41.8 in 2021. The sub-index value for 'integrity' increased from 60.3 in 2020 to 61.0 in 2021.      

• In the case of India, the sub-indices values for 'adequacy', 'sustainablity' and 'integrity' are 33.5, 41.8 and 61.0 during 2021, respectively. The 'adequacy' sub-index represents the benefits that are being provided together with some important system design features. The 'adequacy' sub-index covers Benefits, System design, Savings, Government support, Home ownership and Growth assets. The 'sustainability' sub-index has a focus on the future and measures various indicators, which will influence the likelihood that the current system is able to provide benefits in the future. The 'sustainability' sub-index covers Pension coverage, Total assets, Demography, Public expenditure, Government debt and Economic growth. The 'integrity' sub-index includes many legislative requirements that influence the overall governance and operations of the system, which affect the level of confidence that citizens have in their system. The 'integrity' sub-index covers Regulation, Governance, Protection, Communication and Operating costs.  

• In 2021, India has received the overall index value/ grade of 'D'. For 'adequacy', 'sustainablity' and 'integrity', it has got the grades  'E', 'D' and 'C+', respectively.    

• Pension system (and overall index value): Argentina (41.5), Australia (75.0), Austria (53.0), Belgium (64.5), Brazil (54.7), Canada (69.8), Chile (67.0), China (55.1), Colombia (58.4), Denmark (82.0), Finland (73.3), France (60.5), Germany (67.9),  Hong Kong SAR (61.8), Iceland (84.2), India (43.3), Indonesia (50.4), Ireland (68.3), Israel (77.1), Italy (53.4), Japan (49.8), Korea (48.3), Malaysia (59.6), Mexico (49.0), Netherlands (83.5), New Zealand (67.4), Norway (75.2), Peru (55.0), Philippines (42.7), Poland (55.2), Saudi Arabia (58.1), Singapore (70.7), South Africa (53.6), Spain (58.6), Sweden (72.9), Switzerland (70.0), Taiwan (51.8), Thailand (40.6), Turkey (45.8), United Arab Emirates (59.6), United Kingdom (71.6), Uruguay (60.7), United States of America (61.4).

• The overall index value for the Indian system could be increased by:

-- introducing a minimum level of support for the poorest aged individuals
-- increasing coverage of pension arrangements for the unorganised working class
-- introducing a minimum access age so that it is clear that benefits are preserved for retirement purposes
-- improving the regulatory requirements for the private pension system

• The systems with the highest value for the adequacy sub-index are Iceland (82.7) and the Netherlands (82.1), with Thailand (35.2) and India (33.5) having the lowest values. While several indicators influence these scores, the level of the minimum pension (expressed as a percentage of the average wage) and the net replacement rate for a range of incomes are the most important.

• The minimum pension ranges from less than 5 percent of the average wage in China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Uruguay to 35 per cent or more in Brazil, Denmark, Iceland and New Zealand. Indonesia does not provide a minimum pension.

• The rates of coverage for private pension plans ranged from nil in Argentina and about six percent in India to more than 80 percent of the working age population in Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Taiwan.

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The study titled Is Platform Work Decent Work? A Case of Food Delivery Workers in Karnataka (released on 8th September, 2021), which was published by the National Law School of India University (Bangalore), is a contribution to the understanding of jobs in the platform economy or gig economy. It attempts to examine the earnings of platform workers and explores their experiences on the job in Bengaluru. The study documented below the minimum wage earnings despite long work hours well beyond 8 hours on average per day for most platform workers engaged in various food delivery platforms in Karnataka. 



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