Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 150, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Contexttrigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);}$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'index', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 97, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 151, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] cookies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]Code Contextif (Configure::read('debug')) {trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);} else {$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) { 'status' => (int) 200, 'contentType' => 'text/html', 'headers' => [ 'Content-Type' => [ [maximum depth reached] ] ], 'file' => null, 'fileRange' => [], 'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {}, 'cacheDirectives' => [], 'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]> <html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]> <html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <html lang='en'> <!--<![endif]--> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title> Empowerment | Right to Work (MG-NREGA) </title> <meta name="description" content="KEY TRENDS • The proportion of households which completed 100 days of wage employment under MGNREGA in total households that worked was 6.02 percent in 2014-15, 10.07 percent in 2015-16, 7.79 percent in 2016-17 and 5.78 percent in 2017-18 @$ • Completed works as a proportion of total..."/> <meta name="keywords" content="MGNREGA"/> <meta name="news_keywords" content="MGNREGA"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ROR" href="/ror.xml"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="/feeds/"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css?1697864993"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?v=1.1.2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style-inner.css?1577045210"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="Oswald-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald%3Aregular%2C700&ver=3.8.1" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery.modal.min.css?1578285302"/> <script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" title="Favicon"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery-ui.css?1580720609"/> <script src="/js/jquery-ui.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/custom.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery.modal.min.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery-ui.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/li-scroller.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <!-- <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> --> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style-inner.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href="//im4change.org/css/custom.css" crossorigin > <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/bootstrap.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.li-scroller.1.0.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.modal.min.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.ui.totop.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-ui.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/setting.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/tie-scripts.js"> <!--[if IE]> <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery(".menu-item").has("ul").children("a").attr("aria-haspopup", "true"); 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#status-of-mgnrega-employment-and-wages-in-west-bengal-fy-april-to-december-2022-23-published-in-december-2022">Status of MGNREGA Employment and Wages in West Bengal FY (April to December 2022-23), published in December 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-rural-employment-a-look-at-mgnregs-across-5-states-in-india-released-in-october-2022">The state of rural employment: A look at MGNREGS across 5 states in India (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3#employment-guarantee-during-covid-19-role-of-mgnrega-in-the-year-after-the-2020-lockdown-survey-findings-from-bihar-karnataka-maharashtra-and-madhya-pradesh-released-in-october-2022">Employment Guarantee during Covid-19 -- Role of MGNREGA in the year after the 2020 lockdown: Survey findings from Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3-day-dharna-for-the-rights-of-the-mgnrega-workers-that-took-place-in-delhi-on-2-4-august-2022">3-day dharna for the rights of the MGNREGA workers that took place in Delhi on 2-4 August, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#interim-report-of-the-fact-finding-team-investigating-the-stoppage-of-mgnrega-wages-in-west-bengal-dated-july-28-2022">Interim Report of the Fact Finding Team Investigating the Stoppage of MGNREGA Wages in West Bengal dated July 28, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#joint-press-note-released-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-network-and-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-march-31-2022">Joint Press Note released by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha network and People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated March 31, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-released-on-january-30-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha (released on January 30, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paegnbspreleased-on-january-25-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee-PAEG (released on January 25, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#letter-dated-2nd-june-2021-by-the-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-secretariat-to-the-minister-rural-development">Letter dated 2nd June 2021 by the NREGA Sangharsh Morcha Secretariat to the Minister, Rural Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-dated-18th-march-2021-on-notified-mgnrega-wages">Press release by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha dated 18th March, 2021 on notified MGNREGA wages</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-10th-february-2021">Press Statement by People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated 10th February, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#length-of-the-last-mile-delays-and-hurdles-in-nrega-wage-payments-released-in-november-2020">Length of the Last Mile: Delays and Hurdles in NREGA Wage Payments (released in November, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-telangana-implementation-status-april-october-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Telangana: Implementation Status, April-October, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-andhra-pradesh-implementation-status-april-september-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Andhra Pradesh: Implementation Status, April-September, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#background-note-on-the-present-status-of-mgnrega-april-august-2020">Background Note on the Present Status of MGNREGA (April-August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-the-ministry-of-rural-development-dated-30thnbspoctober-2021">Press statement by the Ministry of Rural Development dated 30th October, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-national-tracker-1-april-30-september-2021-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-29th-october-2021">MGNREGA National Tracker (1 April-30 September 2021) by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 29th October 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#4th-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-10th-december-2020">4th MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 10th December, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3rd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-4th-september-2020">3rd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 4th September, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#2nd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-17th-august-2020">2nd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 17th August, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#1st-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-13th-july-2020">1st MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 13th July, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#response-of-civil-society-activists-to-the-finance-ministerrsquos-announcement-of-rs-1-7-lakh-crore-package-in-the-wake-of-covid-19">Response of civil society activists to the Finance Minister’s announcement of Rs 1.7 lakh crore package in the wake of COVID-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2019-20">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2019-20</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-social-audit-in-mgnrega-as-on-11th-may-2018">Status of Social Audit in MGNREGA as on 11th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-mgnrega-as-on-7th-may-2018">Status of MGNREGA as on 7th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2018-19span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serif">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2018-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#nagesh-singh-committee-draft-report-on-alignment-of-mgnrega-wages-with-minimum-agricultural-wages-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-july-2017">Nagesh Singh Committee draft report on alignment of MGNREGA wages with minimum agricultural wages, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in July, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#prof-s-mahendra-dev-committee-final-report-on-mgnrega-wage-rate-indexation-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-2014">Prof. S Mahendra Dev Committee final report on MGNREGA wage rate indexation, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6#span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serifmgnrega-spanperformance-initiatives-and-strategies-fy-2015-16-and-fy-2016-17">MGNREGA: Performance, Initiatives and Strategies (FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=7#india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8#spannss-68th-round-report-employment-and-unemployment-situation-among-social-groups-in-india-released-in-january-2015">NSS 68th Round Report: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India (released in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#impact-evaluation-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-act-in-india">Impact Evaluation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#42nd-standing-committee-report-2012-13-on-rural-development-nrega">42nd Standing Committee Report (2012-13) on Rural Development-NREGA</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-cag-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11#mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guaranty-act-mgnrega-and-empowerment-of-women-in-rural-areas-by-parliamentary-committee-on-empowerment-of-women-2011-12">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (MGNREGA) and Empowerment of Women in Rural Areas by Parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Women (2011-12)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#mgnrega-sameeksha-an-anthology-of-research-studies-on-the-mgnrega-2006-2012">MGNREGA Sameeksha: An Anthology of Research Studies on the MGNREGA 2006-2012</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#social-protection-for-a-changing-india-may-2011">Social Protection for a Changing India (May, 2011)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13#progress-in-providing-employment-for-the-poor-the-national-public-works-programme-in-india-2010">Progress in providing employment for the poor: The national public works programme in India (2010)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#comptroller-and-auditor-generalrsquos-performance-audit-report-no-11-of-2008">Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance Audit Report No. 11 of 2008</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#digging-holes-and-filling-them-in-again-how-far-do-public-works-enhance-livelihoods">Digging holes and filling them in again? How far do public works enhance livelihoods?</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the World Bank report entitled <a name="india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />• With over 50 million beneficiary households, and expenditures between 0.5 and 1% of GDP, MGNREGA is amongst the largest anti-poverty programmes in the world.<br /><br />• Analysis of household survey data from Bihar shows that under ideal conditions, the rural poverty rate of 50% at the time of the survey could come down by at least 14 percentage points. However, compared to a potential reduction in poverty by 14 percentage points, actual impact on rural poverty is only about 1 percentage point.<br /><br />• At one end of the spectrum, the NREGS is shown to have delivered significant positive impacts on a range of outcomes -- from consumption and nutrition, to quality assets and productivity improvements, particularly for the poorest – in Andhra Pradesh. At the other end, impacts of the scheme in Bihar fall far short of potential.<br /><br />• The World Bank study has highlighted a number of reasons why the potential impact of MGNREGS may not be realized in practice: the supply side is too slow to respond to the demand for work on the scheme; workers are not paid the full scheme wage; delays in wage payment; and awareness of how to demand work is limited.<br /><br />• In Bihar, more than two-thirds – about 10 percentage points – of the gap between potential and actual impacts is attributable to the ways in which the NREGS is not fulfilling the provisions of the Act. The rest is due to the foregone income, i.e., an opportunity cost to the worker from giving up alternate employment in order to take up MGNREGS work. Forgone incomes are hard to avoid, but are important to the calculus when evaluating the net income gains from MGNREGS participation and its cost effectiveness against other alternatives.<br /><br />• At the national level, 2009-10 National Sample Survey (NSS) data show a great deal of unmet demand. Almost 46% of households report that one or more members of their household would have liked to work on the scheme; only 25% secured any work over the course of the year.<br /><br />• Participation rates in the scheme are not, as a rule, any higher in poorer states. There is greater demand for work on the scheme in poorer states, but also a lower capacity to meet that demand. As a result, the degree of unmet demand or rationing, i.e., the fraction of people who wanted work but did not get it, is bigger in the poorer states. In Bihar, unmet demand alone accounts for nearly three-fifths of the gap between potential and realized poverty impacts.<br /><br />• Discrepancies between the scheme’s stipulated wage rates and actual wages received by workers also contribute to the gap between potential and realized impacts. In Bihar, on average, workers on the scheme received about 10% lower wages than the stipulated rate. This gap is not due to payment delays, as the gaps are estimated on total wages owed to the individual, not the amount actually received by the time of the survey.<br /><br />• More recently, payment delays have emerged as a major bottleneck in program administration, and are a strong disincentive to participating in the program. National surveys highlight variation amongst states – in 2009/10 a survey found nearly 68% of MGNREGS beneficiaries received wages within 15 days in Andhra Pradesh. The same estimate for Rajasthan and MP were 10% and 23%.<br /><br />• Despite government’s efforts to promote transparency and encourage monitoring from administration and civil society (social audits), MGNREGS is plagued by leakages. Leakage can take multiple forms, such as inflating the number of days worked per person, or registering fake persons to siphon off funds. Comparison of MGNREGS aggregate levels of employment reported in official data with independent measures based on household surveys show that the gap exists, but the range of available estimates is too wide to be conclusive. NSS-based estimates for 2007-08 can confirm only a quarter to half of MGNREGS employment recorded in official reports, depending on the method used.<br /><br />• Specialized surveys with more detailed questions on participation and remuneration in the scheme suggest substantially lower estimates of leakage. For instance, the Bihar survey of MGNREGS implies a 20% gap between survey-based estimates of employment and official data in 2008-09 compared to the 2007-08 NSS-based estimate of 70% gap in the state.<br /><br />• Even though MGNREGS is better targeted than a cash transfer scheme would be, wage earnings alone are not sufficient to make it more cost-effective at reducing poverty. But, it could be, if the assets created under it are of sufficient value to the poor. Other non-pecuniary benefits – like empowerment for socially vulnerable groups including women -- would further strengthen the case for workfare.<br /><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span class="current">7</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 18px;"> <p class="post-tag">Tagged with: <a class="tagcloud5" href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=MGNREGA" title="MGNREGA"> MGNREGA </a> </p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><br> <div class="widget-top"> <h4>Related Articles</h4> <div class="stripe-line"></div> </div> <div class="widget-container"> <ul id="recentcomments"> <li class="recentcomments"> <a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/significant-growth-in-mgnregs-employment-in-april-2023-natasha-somayya-k.html" title="Significant growth in MGNREGS employment in April 2023 - 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#status-of-mgnrega-employment-and-wages-in-west-bengal-fy-april-to-december-2022-23-published-in-december-2022">Status of MGNREGA Employment and Wages in West Bengal FY (April to December 2022-23), published in December 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-rural-employment-a-look-at-mgnregs-across-5-states-in-india-released-in-october-2022">The state of rural employment: A look at MGNREGS across 5 states in India (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3#employment-guarantee-during-covid-19-role-of-mgnrega-in-the-year-after-the-2020-lockdown-survey-findings-from-bihar-karnataka-maharashtra-and-madhya-pradesh-released-in-october-2022">Employment Guarantee during Covid-19 -- Role of MGNREGA in the year after the 2020 lockdown: Survey findings from Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3-day-dharna-for-the-rights-of-the-mgnrega-workers-that-took-place-in-delhi-on-2-4-august-2022">3-day dharna for the rights of the MGNREGA workers that took place in Delhi on 2-4 August, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#interim-report-of-the-fact-finding-team-investigating-the-stoppage-of-mgnrega-wages-in-west-bengal-dated-july-28-2022">Interim Report of the Fact Finding Team Investigating the Stoppage of MGNREGA Wages in West Bengal dated July 28, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#joint-press-note-released-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-network-and-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-march-31-2022">Joint Press Note released by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha network and People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated March 31, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-released-on-january-30-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha (released on January 30, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paegnbspreleased-on-january-25-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee-PAEG (released on January 25, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#letter-dated-2nd-june-2021-by-the-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-secretariat-to-the-minister-rural-development">Letter dated 2nd June 2021 by the NREGA Sangharsh Morcha Secretariat to the Minister, Rural Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-dated-18th-march-2021-on-notified-mgnrega-wages">Press release by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha dated 18th March, 2021 on notified MGNREGA wages</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-10th-february-2021">Press Statement by People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated 10th February, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#length-of-the-last-mile-delays-and-hurdles-in-nrega-wage-payments-released-in-november-2020">Length of the Last Mile: Delays and Hurdles in NREGA Wage Payments (released in November, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-telangana-implementation-status-april-october-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Telangana: Implementation Status, April-October, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-andhra-pradesh-implementation-status-april-september-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Andhra Pradesh: Implementation Status, April-September, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#background-note-on-the-present-status-of-mgnrega-april-august-2020">Background Note on the Present Status of MGNREGA (April-August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-the-ministry-of-rural-development-dated-30thnbspoctober-2021">Press statement by the Ministry of Rural Development dated 30th October, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-national-tracker-1-april-30-september-2021-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-29th-october-2021">MGNREGA National Tracker (1 April-30 September 2021) by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 29th October 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#4th-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-10th-december-2020">4th MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 10th December, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3rd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-4th-september-2020">3rd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 4th September, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#2nd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-17th-august-2020">2nd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 17th August, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#1st-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-13th-july-2020">1st MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 13th July, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#response-of-civil-society-activists-to-the-finance-ministerrsquos-announcement-of-rs-1-7-lakh-crore-package-in-the-wake-of-covid-19">Response of civil society activists to the Finance Minister’s announcement of Rs 1.7 lakh crore package in the wake of COVID-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2019-20">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2019-20</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-social-audit-in-mgnrega-as-on-11th-may-2018">Status of Social Audit in MGNREGA as on 11th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-mgnrega-as-on-7th-may-2018">Status of MGNREGA as on 7th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2018-19span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serif">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2018-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#nagesh-singh-committee-draft-report-on-alignment-of-mgnrega-wages-with-minimum-agricultural-wages-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-july-2017">Nagesh Singh Committee draft report on alignment of MGNREGA wages with minimum agricultural wages, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in July, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#prof-s-mahendra-dev-committee-final-report-on-mgnrega-wage-rate-indexation-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-2014">Prof. S Mahendra Dev Committee final report on MGNREGA wage rate indexation, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6#span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serifmgnrega-spanperformance-initiatives-and-strategies-fy-2015-16-and-fy-2016-17">MGNREGA: Performance, Initiatives and Strategies (FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=7#india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8#spannss-68th-round-report-employment-and-unemployment-situation-among-social-groups-in-india-released-in-january-2015">NSS 68th Round Report: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India (released in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#impact-evaluation-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-act-in-india">Impact Evaluation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#42nd-standing-committee-report-2012-13-on-rural-development-nrega">42nd Standing Committee Report (2012-13) on Rural Development-NREGA</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-cag-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11#mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guaranty-act-mgnrega-and-empowerment-of-women-in-rural-areas-by-parliamentary-committee-on-empowerment-of-women-2011-12">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (MGNREGA) and Empowerment of Women in Rural Areas by Parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Women (2011-12)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#mgnrega-sameeksha-an-anthology-of-research-studies-on-the-mgnrega-2006-2012">MGNREGA Sameeksha: An Anthology of Research Studies on the MGNREGA 2006-2012</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#social-protection-for-a-changing-india-may-2011">Social Protection for a Changing India (May, 2011)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13#progress-in-providing-employment-for-the-poor-the-national-public-works-programme-in-india-2010">Progress in providing employment for the poor: The national public works programme in India (2010)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#comptroller-and-auditor-generalrsquos-performance-audit-report-no-11-of-2008">Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance Audit Report No. 11 of 2008</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#digging-holes-and-filling-them-in-again-how-far-do-public-works-enhance-livelihoods">Digging holes and filling them in again? How far do public works enhance livelihoods?</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the World Bank report entitled <a name="india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />• With over 50 million beneficiary households, and expenditures between 0.5 and 1% of GDP, MGNREGA is amongst the largest anti-poverty programmes in the world.<br /><br />• Analysis of household survey data from Bihar shows that under ideal conditions, the rural poverty rate of 50% at the time of the survey could come down by at least 14 percentage points. However, compared to a potential reduction in poverty by 14 percentage points, actual impact on rural poverty is only about 1 percentage point.<br /><br />• At one end of the spectrum, the NREGS is shown to have delivered significant positive impacts on a range of outcomes -- from consumption and nutrition, to quality assets and productivity improvements, particularly for the poorest – in Andhra Pradesh. At the other end, impacts of the scheme in Bihar fall far short of potential.<br /><br />• The World Bank study has highlighted a number of reasons why the potential impact of MGNREGS may not be realized in practice: the supply side is too slow to respond to the demand for work on the scheme; workers are not paid the full scheme wage; delays in wage payment; and awareness of how to demand work is limited.<br /><br />• In Bihar, more than two-thirds – about 10 percentage points – of the gap between potential and actual impacts is attributable to the ways in which the NREGS is not fulfilling the provisions of the Act. The rest is due to the foregone income, i.e., an opportunity cost to the worker from giving up alternate employment in order to take up MGNREGS work. Forgone incomes are hard to avoid, but are important to the calculus when evaluating the net income gains from MGNREGS participation and its cost effectiveness against other alternatives.<br /><br />• At the national level, 2009-10 National Sample Survey (NSS) data show a great deal of unmet demand. Almost 46% of households report that one or more members of their household would have liked to work on the scheme; only 25% secured any work over the course of the year.<br /><br />• Participation rates in the scheme are not, as a rule, any higher in poorer states. There is greater demand for work on the scheme in poorer states, but also a lower capacity to meet that demand. As a result, the degree of unmet demand or rationing, i.e., the fraction of people who wanted work but did not get it, is bigger in the poorer states. In Bihar, unmet demand alone accounts for nearly three-fifths of the gap between potential and realized poverty impacts.<br /><br />• Discrepancies between the scheme’s stipulated wage rates and actual wages received by workers also contribute to the gap between potential and realized impacts. In Bihar, on average, workers on the scheme received about 10% lower wages than the stipulated rate. This gap is not due to payment delays, as the gaps are estimated on total wages owed to the individual, not the amount actually received by the time of the survey.<br /><br />• More recently, payment delays have emerged as a major bottleneck in program administration, and are a strong disincentive to participating in the program. National surveys highlight variation amongst states – in 2009/10 a survey found nearly 68% of MGNREGS beneficiaries received wages within 15 days in Andhra Pradesh. The same estimate for Rajasthan and MP were 10% and 23%.<br /><br />• Despite government’s efforts to promote transparency and encourage monitoring from administration and civil society (social audits), MGNREGS is plagued by leakages. Leakage can take multiple forms, such as inflating the number of days worked per person, or registering fake persons to siphon off funds. Comparison of MGNREGS aggregate levels of employment reported in official data with independent measures based on household surveys show that the gap exists, but the range of available estimates is too wide to be conclusive. NSS-based estimates for 2007-08 can confirm only a quarter to half of MGNREGS employment recorded in official reports, depending on the method used.<br /><br />• Specialized surveys with more detailed questions on participation and remuneration in the scheme suggest substantially lower estimates of leakage. For instance, the Bihar survey of MGNREGS implies a 20% gap between survey-based estimates of employment and official data in 2008-09 compared to the 2007-08 NSS-based estimate of 70% gap in the state.<br /><br />• Even though MGNREGS is better targeted than a cash transfer scheme would be, wage earnings alone are not sufficient to make it more cost-effective at reducing poverty. But, it could be, if the assets created under it are of sufficient value to the poor. Other non-pecuniary benefits – like empowerment for socially vulnerable groups including women -- would further strengthen the case for workfare.<br /><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span class="current">7</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 18px;"> <p class="post-tag">Tagged with: <a class="tagcloud5" href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=MGNREGA" title="MGNREGA"> MGNREGA </a> </p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><br> <div class="widget-top"> <h4>Related Articles</h4> <div class="stripe-line"></div> </div> <div class="widget-container"> <ul id="recentcomments"> <li class="recentcomments"> <a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/significant-growth-in-mgnregs-employment-in-april-2023-natasha-somayya-k.html" title="Significant growth in MGNREGS employment in April 2023 - 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href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39/print" rel="nofollow"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a> </section> <div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 10px;"> <div class="innerLineHeight"> <div class="middleContent innerInput empowerment"> <table> <tr> <td> <div class="rightSideContent" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin-left: 10px;"> <div class="box warning" style="padding: 12px;"> <div class="box-inner-block" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <div class="starlist"> <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2> <ul class="whatsinside"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#status-of-mgnrega-employment-and-wages-in-west-bengal-fy-april-to-december-2022-23-published-in-december-2022">Status of MGNREGA Employment and Wages in West Bengal FY (April to December 2022-23), published in December 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2#the-state-of-rural-employment-a-look-at-mgnregs-across-5-states-in-india-released-in-october-2022">The state of rural employment: A look at MGNREGS across 5 states in India (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3#employment-guarantee-during-covid-19-role-of-mgnrega-in-the-year-after-the-2020-lockdown-survey-findings-from-bihar-karnataka-maharashtra-and-madhya-pradesh-released-in-october-2022">Employment Guarantee during Covid-19 -- Role of MGNREGA in the year after the 2020 lockdown: Survey findings from Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (released in October 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3-day-dharna-for-the-rights-of-the-mgnrega-workers-that-took-place-in-delhi-on-2-4-august-2022">3-day dharna for the rights of the MGNREGA workers that took place in Delhi on 2-4 August, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#interim-report-of-the-fact-finding-team-investigating-the-stoppage-of-mgnrega-wages-in-west-bengal-dated-july-28-2022">Interim Report of the Fact Finding Team Investigating the Stoppage of MGNREGA Wages in West Bengal dated July 28, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#joint-press-note-released-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-network-and-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-march-31-2022">Joint Press Note released by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha network and People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated March 31, 2022</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-released-on-january-30-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha (released on January 30, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#pre-budget-statement-on-mgnrega-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paegnbspreleased-on-january-25-2022">Pre-Budget Statement on MGNREGA by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee-PAEG (released on January 25, 2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#letter-dated-2nd-june-2021-by-the-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-secretariat-to-the-minister-rural-development">Letter dated 2nd June 2021 by the NREGA Sangharsh Morcha Secretariat to the Minister, Rural Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-nrega-sangharsh-morcha-dated-18th-march-2021-on-notified-mgnrega-wages">Press release by NREGA Sangharsh Morcha dated 18th March, 2021 on notified MGNREGA wages</a> </li> </ul> <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div> <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none"> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-peoplersquos-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-dated-10th-february-2021">Press Statement by People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) dated 10th February, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#length-of-the-last-mile-delays-and-hurdles-in-nrega-wage-payments-released-in-november-2020">Length of the Last Mile: Delays and Hurdles in NREGA Wage Payments (released in November, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-telangana-implementation-status-april-october-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Telangana: Implementation Status, April-October, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-in-andhra-pradesh-implementation-status-april-september-2020-released-in-october-2020">MGNREGA in Andhra Pradesh: Implementation Status, April-September, 2020 (released in October, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#background-note-on-the-present-status-of-mgnrega-april-august-2020">Background Note on the Present Status of MGNREGA (April-August, 2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-the-ministry-of-rural-development-dated-30thnbspoctober-2021">Press statement by the Ministry of Rural Development dated 30th October, 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-national-tracker-1-april-30-september-2021-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-29th-october-2021">MGNREGA National Tracker (1 April-30 September 2021) by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 29th October 2021</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#4th-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-10th-december-2020">4th MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 10th December, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#3rd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-4th-september-2020">3rd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 4th September, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#2nd-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-17th-august-2020">2nd MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 17th August, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#1st-mgnrega-tracker-by-peoples39-action-for-employment-guarantee-paeg-released-on-13th-july-2020">1st MGNREGA tracker by Peoples' Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG), released on 13th July, 2020</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#response-of-civil-society-activists-to-the-finance-ministerrsquos-announcement-of-rs-1-7-lakh-crore-package-in-the-wake-of-covid-19">Response of civil society activists to the Finance Minister’s announcement of Rs 1.7 lakh crore package in the wake of COVID-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2019-20">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2019-20</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-social-audit-in-mgnrega-as-on-11th-may-2018">Status of Social Audit in MGNREGA as on 11th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4#status-of-mgnrega-as-on-7th-may-2018">Status of MGNREGA as on 7th May, 2018</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#mgnrega-wage-rates-in-various-states-for-2018-19span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serif">MGNREGA wage rates in various states for 2018-19</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#nagesh-singh-committee-draft-report-on-alignment-of-mgnrega-wages-with-minimum-agricultural-wages-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-july-2017">Nagesh Singh Committee draft report on alignment of MGNREGA wages with minimum agricultural wages, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in July, 2017</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5#prof-s-mahendra-dev-committee-final-report-on-mgnrega-wage-rate-indexation-submitted-to-the-ministry-of-rural-development-in-2014">Prof. S Mahendra Dev Committee final report on MGNREGA wage rate indexation, submitted to the Ministry of Rural Development in 2014</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6#span-stylefont-familyarialhelveticasans-serifmgnrega-spanperformance-initiatives-and-strategies-fy-2015-16-and-fy-2016-17">MGNREGA: Performance, Initiatives and Strategies (FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=7#india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8#spannss-68th-round-report-employment-and-unemployment-situation-among-social-groups-in-india-released-in-january-2015">NSS 68th Round Report: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India (released in January 2015)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#impact-evaluation-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-act-in-india">Impact Evaluation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9#42nd-standing-committee-report-2012-13-on-rural-development-nrega">42nd Standing Committee Report (2012-13) on Rural Development-NREGA</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10#report-of-the-comptroller-and-auditor-general-cag-of-india-on-performance-audit-of-mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme">Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11#mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guaranty-act-mgnrega-and-empowerment-of-women-in-rural-areas-by-parliamentary-committee-on-empowerment-of-women-2011-12">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (MGNREGA) and Empowerment of Women in Rural Areas by Parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Women (2011-12)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#mgnrega-sameeksha-an-anthology-of-research-studies-on-the-mgnrega-2006-2012">MGNREGA Sameeksha: An Anthology of Research Studies on the MGNREGA 2006-2012</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12#social-protection-for-a-changing-india-may-2011">Social Protection for a Changing India (May, 2011)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13#progress-in-providing-employment-for-the-poor-the-national-public-works-programme-in-india-2010">Progress in providing employment for the poor: The national public works programme in India (2010)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#comptroller-and-auditor-generalrsquos-performance-audit-report-no-11-of-2008">Comptroller and Auditor General’s Performance Audit Report No. 11 of 2008</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14#digging-holes-and-filling-them-in-again-how-far-do-public-works-enhance-livelihoods">Digging holes and filling them in again? How far do public works enhance livelihoods?</a> </li> </ul> <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">According to the World Bank report entitled <a name="india-development-update-towards-a-higher-growth-path-published-in-april-2015">India Development Update: Towards a Higher Growth Path, published in April 2015</a> (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/World%20Bank%20India%20Development%20Update%202015.pdf" title="World Bank India Development Update">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />• With over 50 million beneficiary households, and expenditures between 0.5 and 1% of GDP, MGNREGA is amongst the largest anti-poverty programmes in the world.<br /><br />• Analysis of household survey data from Bihar shows that under ideal conditions, the rural poverty rate of 50% at the time of the survey could come down by at least 14 percentage points. However, compared to a potential reduction in poverty by 14 percentage points, actual impact on rural poverty is only about 1 percentage point.<br /><br />• At one end of the spectrum, the NREGS is shown to have delivered significant positive impacts on a range of outcomes -- from consumption and nutrition, to quality assets and productivity improvements, particularly for the poorest – in Andhra Pradesh. At the other end, impacts of the scheme in Bihar fall far short of potential.<br /><br />• The World Bank study has highlighted a number of reasons why the potential impact of MGNREGS may not be realized in practice: the supply side is too slow to respond to the demand for work on the scheme; workers are not paid the full scheme wage; delays in wage payment; and awareness of how to demand work is limited.<br /><br />• In Bihar, more than two-thirds – about 10 percentage points – of the gap between potential and actual impacts is attributable to the ways in which the NREGS is not fulfilling the provisions of the Act. The rest is due to the foregone income, i.e., an opportunity cost to the worker from giving up alternate employment in order to take up MGNREGS work. Forgone incomes are hard to avoid, but are important to the calculus when evaluating the net income gains from MGNREGS participation and its cost effectiveness against other alternatives.<br /><br />• At the national level, 2009-10 National Sample Survey (NSS) data show a great deal of unmet demand. Almost 46% of households report that one or more members of their household would have liked to work on the scheme; only 25% secured any work over the course of the year.<br /><br />• Participation rates in the scheme are not, as a rule, any higher in poorer states. There is greater demand for work on the scheme in poorer states, but also a lower capacity to meet that demand. As a result, the degree of unmet demand or rationing, i.e., the fraction of people who wanted work but did not get it, is bigger in the poorer states. In Bihar, unmet demand alone accounts for nearly three-fifths of the gap between potential and realized poverty impacts.<br /><br />• Discrepancies between the scheme’s stipulated wage rates and actual wages received by workers also contribute to the gap between potential and realized impacts. In Bihar, on average, workers on the scheme received about 10% lower wages than the stipulated rate. This gap is not due to payment delays, as the gaps are estimated on total wages owed to the individual, not the amount actually received by the time of the survey.<br /><br />• More recently, payment delays have emerged as a major bottleneck in program administration, and are a strong disincentive to participating in the program. National surveys highlight variation amongst states – in 2009/10 a survey found nearly 68% of MGNREGS beneficiaries received wages within 15 days in Andhra Pradesh. The same estimate for Rajasthan and MP were 10% and 23%.<br /><br />• Despite government’s efforts to promote transparency and encourage monitoring from administration and civil society (social audits), MGNREGS is plagued by leakages. Leakage can take multiple forms, such as inflating the number of days worked per person, or registering fake persons to siphon off funds. Comparison of MGNREGS aggregate levels of employment reported in official data with independent measures based on household surveys show that the gap exists, but the range of available estimates is too wide to be conclusive. NSS-based estimates for 2007-08 can confirm only a quarter to half of MGNREGS employment recorded in official reports, depending on the method used.<br /><br />• Specialized surveys with more detailed questions on participation and remuneration in the scheme suggest substantially lower estimates of leakage. For instance, the Bihar survey of MGNREGS implies a 20% gap between survey-based estimates of employment and official data in 2008-09 compared to the 2007-08 NSS-based estimate of 70% gap in the state.<br /><br />• Even though MGNREGS is better targeted than a cash transfer scheme would be, wage earnings alone are not sufficient to make it more cost-effective at reducing poverty. But, it could be, if the assets created under it are of sufficient value to the poor. Other non-pecuniary benefits – like empowerment for socially vulnerable groups including women -- would further strengthen the case for workfare.<br /><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> <br> <div align="center" class="pagination"> <span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">« previous</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=1" class="articlepagination">1</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=2" class="articlepagination">2</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=3" class="articlepagination">3</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=4" class="articlepagination">4</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=5" class="articlepagination">5</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=6" class="articlepagination">6</a></span><span class="current">7</span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">8</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=9" class="articlepagination">9</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=10" class="articlepagination">10</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=11" class="articlepagination">11</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=12" class="articlepagination">12</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=13" class="articlepagination">13</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=14" class="articlepagination">14</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=15" class="articlepagination">15</a></span><span><a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html?pgno=8" class="articlepagination">next »</a></span> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><a href='/experts.php' class='re'>Rural Expert</a><div class="clear"></div> <div style="padding-top: 18px;"> <p class="post-tag">Tagged with: <a class="tagcloud5" href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=MGNREGA" title="MGNREGA"> MGNREGA </a> </p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <br><br> <div class="widget-top"> <h4>Related Articles</h4> <div class="stripe-line"></div> </div> <div class="widget-container"> <ul id="recentcomments"> <li class="recentcomments"> <a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/significant-growth-in-mgnregs-employment-in-april-2023-natasha-somayya-k.html" title="Significant growth in MGNREGS employment in April 2023 - 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